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Top Drugs 1 > Gout And Pain (Opioids, Opiates) > Flashcards

Gout And Pain (Opioids, Opiates) Flashcards

1
Q

Allopurinol

A

Zyloprim

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2
Q

Colchicine

A

Colcrys, Gloperba, Mitigare

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3
Q

Febuxostat

A

Uloric

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4
Q

Buprenorphine/Naloxone

A

Bunavail, Suboxone, Zubsolv

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5
Q

Codeine

A

Tylenol with Codeine

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6
Q

Fentanyl Transdermal

A

Duragesic, Ionsys

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7
Q

Hydrocodone

A

Norco, Lorcet, Vicodin, Zohydro ER, Hysingla ER

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8
Q

Methadone

A

Dolophine

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9
Q

Morphine

A

MS Contin, Avinza, Kadian

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10
Q

Oxycodone

A

Oxycontin

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11
Q

Tramadol

A

Ultram

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12
Q

Therapeutic Class - Allopurinol

A

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor, antigout

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13
Q

Therapeutic Class - Colchicine

A

Antigout

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14
Q

Therapeutic Class - Febuxostat

A

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor, antigout

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15
Q

Therapeutic Class - Buprenorphine/Naloxone

A

Opioid Partial Agonist and Antagonist combination, C-III

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16
Q

Therapeutic Class - Codeine

A

Opioid

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17
Q

Therapeutic Class - Fentanyl Transdermal

A

Opioid analgesic

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18
Q

Therapeutic Class - Hydrocodone

A

Opioid analgesic

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19
Q

Therapeutic Class - Methadone

A

Opioid analgesic

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20
Q

Therapeutic Class - Morphine

A

Opioid analgesic

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21
Q

Therapeutic Class - Oxycodone

A

Opioid analgesic

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22
Q

Therapeutic Class - Tramadol

A

Opioid analgesic

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23
Q

Controlled Substance Shedule

A

CII: Codeine, Fentanyl Transdermal, Hydrocodone, Methadone, Morphine, Oxycodone

CIII: Buprenorphine/Naloxone, Codeine + Acetaminophen TABLETS

CIV: Tramadol

CV: Codeine + Acetaminophen LIQUID

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24
Q

Dosage Forms - Allopurinol

A

Tablet: 100 mg, 300 mg

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25
Q

Dosage Forms - Colchicine

A

Tablet: 0.6 mg
Capsule: 0.6 mg
Oral Solution: 0.6 mg/5 mL

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26
Q

Dosage Forms - Febuxostat

A

Tablet: 40 mg, 80 mg

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27
Q

Dosage Forms - Buprenorphine/Naloxone

A

SL Tablet: 0.7/0.18, 1.4/0.36, 2/0.5, 2.9/0.71, 5.7/1.4, 8.6/2.1, 11.4/2.9

SL Film: 2/0.5, 4/1, 8/2, 12/3

Buccal Film: 2.1/0.3, 4.2/0.7, 6.3/1

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28
Q

Dosage Forms - Codeine

A

Tablet: 15, 30, 60
W/ APAP: 300/15, 300/30, 300/60
Elixir (APAP/Codeine): 120/12

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29
Q

Dosage Forms - Fentanyl Transdermal

A 
Transdermal Patch (mcg/hr): 12.5, 25, 50, 75, 87.5, 100
Transdermal Iontophoretic System: 40 mcg/actuation
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30
Q

Dosage Forms - Hydrocodone

A

Tablet (w/ APAP): 2.5/325, 5/325, 7.5/325, 10 mg/325 mg
ER Tablet (24-hr, abuse-deterrent): 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 mg
ER Capsule (12-hr, abuse-deterrent): 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 mg
Oral Elixir, Solution (w/ APAP per 15 mL): 7.5/325, 10/325

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31
Q

Dosage Forms - Methadone

A

Tablet: 5 mg, 10 mg
Soluble Tablet: 40 mg
Oral Solution: 5 mg/5 mL, 10 mg/5 mL, 10 mg/1 mL

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32
Q

Dosage Forms - Morphine

A

Tablet: 15 mg, 30 mg
ER Tablet: 15, 30, 60, 100, 200 mg
ER Abuse-Deterrent Tablet: 15, 30, 60, 100 mg
Capsule (24 hr): 10, 20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 60, 75, 80, 90, 100, 120, 200 mg
Oral Solution (mg/mL): 10/5, 20/5, 20/1, 100/5
Rectal Suppository: 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg

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33
Q

Dosage Forms - Oxycodone

A

IR Tablet: 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 mg
ER Tablet (12-hr Abuse-Deterrent): 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 mg
Capsule: 5 mg
12-hr Abuse-Deterrent: 9, 13.5, 18, 27, 36 mg
Oral Solution: 5 mg/5 mL
Oral Solution Concentrate: 100 mg/5 mL

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34
Q

Dosage Forms - Tramadol

A

Tablet: 50 mg, 100 mg
ER Tablet: 100, 200, 300 mg
ER 24-Hour Capsule: 100, 150, 200, 300 mg
Oral Solution: 5 mg/5 mL

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35
Q

MOA - Allopurinol

A

Decreases the uric acid content by inhibiting xanthine oxidase, which is the enzyme responsible for converting hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid

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36
Q

MOA - Febuxostat

A

Decreases the uric acid content by inhibiting xanthine oxidase, which is the enzyme responsible for converting hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid

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37
Q

MOA - Colchicine

A

Unknown. Thought to interrupt the cycle or monosodium urate crystal deposition in join tissues and therefore interrupts the inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack.

Inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by low pH in the tissues, likely by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes

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38
Q

MOA - Buprenorphine/Naloxone

A

Mu receptors are responsible for analgesia, respiratory depression, miosis, decreased GI motility, and euphoria. In the CNS, it promotes analgesia and respiratory depression by decreasing brain stem respiratory centers’ response to carbon dioxide tension and electrical stimulation. It also decreases gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion, induces peripheral vasodilation, and promotes opioid-induced hypotension due to histamine release.

Buprenorphine:

a) Mu-opioid receptor partial Agonist
b) Kappa-opioid receptor ANTAgonist

Naloxone: Mu-opioid receptor ANTAgonist (causes opioid withdrawal when injected parenterally;
used as an abuse deterrent)

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39
Q

MOA - Codeine

A

3-methylmorphine that functions as a phenanthrene opioid, analgesic activity through conversion to morphine

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40
Q

MOA - Tramadol

A

Mu agonist and weak inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake

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41
Q

MOA - Hydrocodone

A

Unknown but opioid analgesic with antitussive properties

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42
Q

MOA - Oxycodone

A

Pure mu agonist

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43
Q

MOA - Morphine

A

Pure mu agonist

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44
Q

MOA - Fentanyl Transdermal

A

Phenylpiperidine opioid agonist with predominant effects on mu opioid receptor 50-100x more potent than morphine

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45
Q

MOA - Methadone

A

Binds to opiate receptors in CNS therefore inhibiting ascending pain pathways, changing perception to pain and producing generalized CNS depression.

Phenylethylamine opioid agonist that is qualitatively similar to morphine but chemical structure is unrelated to alkaloid-type structures of opium derivatives

Analgesic activity of (R)-methadone is 8-50x (+ a tenfold higher affinity for opioid receptors) that of (S)-methadone

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46
Q

FDA-Approved Indications - Allopurinol

A
  1. Gout, mild: 100-300 mg/day up to 800 mg
  2. Gout, moderate-severe: 400-600 mg/day up to 800 mg
  3. Hyperuricemia, tumor lysis syndrome (adults): 600-800 mg/day in 2-3 divided doses
  4. Nephrolithiasis and prophylaxis due to calcium stones: 300 mg/day in 1-3 divided doses
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47
Q

FDA-Approved Indications - Febuxostat

A
  1. Hyperuricemia in patients unable to tolerate or inadequately treat will allopurinol: 40 mg QD (up to 120 mg)
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48
Q

FDA-Approved Indications - Colchicine

A
  1. Gout, acute: 1.2 mg at first sign of flare, can add 0.6 mg in 1 hour (max: 1.8 mg over 1 hour)
  2. Gout, prophylaxis: 0.6 mg QD to BID (MDD = 1.2 mg, or at onset of diarrhea)
  3. Familial Mediterranean Fever (can adjust dose in 0.3 mg increments/day)
    a) Children 4-6 years: 0.3-1.8 mg QD
    b) Children 6-12 years: 0.9-1.8 mg QD
    c) Adults: 1.2-2.4 mg QD
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49
Q

FDA-Approved Indications - Buprenorphine/Naloxone

A
  1. Opioid use disorder (>16 years): 12-16 mg (buprenorphine component) QD sublingually, titrate to response [typical dosing rage: 4-24 mg/day]
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50
Q

FDA-Approved Indications - Codeine

A
  1. Pain: 15-60 mg q4h PRN; w/APAP 300-1000 mg (MDD APAP = 4000 mg)
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51
Q

FDA-Approved Indications - Tramadol

A
  1. Pain, chronic, moderate to moderately severe:
    a) IR: 50 mg a4-6h PRN (MDD = 400 mg)
    b) ER: 100 mg QD (MDD = 300 mg)

Converting IR:ER is 1:1 - round down to the nearest 100 mg

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52
Q

FDA-Approved Indications - Hydrocodone

A
  1. Pain, severe: 10 mg q12h, titrate to response
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53
Q

FDA-Approved Indications - Oxycodone

A
  1. Pain, chronic, moderate to severe (opioid naïve patient):
    a) IR: 5-15 mg q4-6h PRN
    b) ER: 10 mg q12h PRN
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54
Q

FDA-Approved Indications - Morphine

A
  1. Acute pain in hospitalized patients with low risk of respiratory depression: 10 mg q4h PRN (max 30 mg q4h)
  2. Chronic pain, moderate to severe:
    a) IR: 10-20 mg q12h, titrate to response (use IR formulations to calculate patient’s morphine requirement)
    b) ER: dosed q12-24 hours
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55
Q

FDA-Approved Indications - Fentanyl Transdermal

A
  1. Pain, chronic (moderate to severe): >2 years old, opioid-tolerant, with pain than cannot be managed by other meals
    a) Transdermal fentanyl dosage based on patients 24-hour ORAL morphine requirement
    b) Replace patch q72hr, can replace q48 if uncontrolled pain
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56
Q

FDA-Approved Indications - Methadone

A
  1. Pain, chronic (moderate-severe) opioid-naïve patients: 2.5 mg q8-12h, may titrate to response
  2. Drug detoxification, opioid abuse: 15-30 mg q8h (usual range 80-120 mg/day) - when used for treatment of opioid addiction (detoxification or maintenance), can only be dispensed by certified opioid treatment programs
57
Q

Off-Label Uses - Allopurinol

A
  1. Nephrolithiasis prophylaxis due to uric acid stones: 300 mg/day in 1-3 divided doses
58
Q

Off-Label Uses - Colchicine

A
  1. Amyloidosis: 0.6 mg BID
  2. Behcet syndrome: 0.6 mg BID-TID
  3. Constipation: 0.6 mg q30min until diarrhea onset
  4. Pericarditis:
    a) Adults > 70kg: 0.6 mg BID
    b) Adults < 70kg: 0.6 mg QD
59
Q

Off-Label Uses - Codeine

A
  1. Cough: 7.5-120 mg/d in divided doses
60
Q

Off-Label Uses - Tramadol

A
  1. Restless leg syndrome:
    a) IR: 50 mg QHS
    b) ER: 100 mg QHS
61
Q

Kinetics - Allopurinol

A 
Absorption: F = 80-90%
Distribution: Vd = 1.6-2.43 L/kg
Metabolism: hepatic (78%) and RBC
Elimination: renal 80%; T1/2 parent = 2 hours; T1/2 active metabolite = 15-25 hours
Hepatic Dose Adjustment: none
Renal Dose Adjustment:
a) 30-60mL/min: 50mg QD
b) 15-30mL/min: 50mg every other day
c) 5-10mL/min: 50mg 2x/week
d) <5mL/min: 50mg once weekly
62
Q

Kinetics - Colchicine

A

Absorption: F = 45%
Distribution: Vd = 5-8 L/kg; 39% protein bound
Metabolism: Partial CYP3A4/5, P-gp substrate
Elimination: renal 40-65%; T1/2 = 26-32 hours
Hepatic Dose Adjustment: severe, hepatic failure - once every 2 weeks
Renal Dose Adjustment: <30mL/min: only once every 2 weeks

63
Q

Kinetics - Febuxostat

A

Absorption: F > 49%
Distribution: Vd = 50L; 99% protein bound
Metabolism: numerous enzymes
Elimination: renal 50%; T1/2 = 5-8 hours
Hepatic Dose Adjustment: caution if severe
Renal Dose Adjustment: <30mL/min: max 40mg/day

64
Q

Kinetics - Buprenorphine/Naloxone

A

Absorption: F = 15% (buprenorphine); 3% (naloxone)
Distribution: Vd = 97-187 L (buprenorphine)
Metabolism:
a) Buprenorphine: hepatic, major CYP3A4 substrate
b) Naloxone: hepatic via glucuronidation
Elimination: renal 30%; T1/2 = 33 hours (buprenorphine) 6 hours (naloxone)
Hepatic Dose Adjustment: caution
Renal Dose Adjustment: none

65
Q

Kinetics - Codeine

A

Absorption: well absorbed
Distribution: Vd = 2.6 L/kg; 7-25% protein bound
Metabolism: prodrug activated by CYP2D6 to morphine; 2D6 substrate
Elimination: renal ~100%; T1/2 = 2-4 hours
Hepatic Dose Adjustment: AVOID chronic use in hepatic impairment
Renal Dose Adjustment:
a) 10-50mL/min: 75% of dose
b) <10mL/min: 50% of dose

66
Q

Kinetics - Fentanyl Transdermal

A

Absorption: F = 92%
Distribution: Vd = 6 L/kg; 80-85% protein bound
Metabolism: extensive hepatic, CYP3A4 substrate
Elimination: renal 75%; T1/2 = 20-24 hours
Hepatic Dose Adjustment: none
Renal Dose Adjustment: <10mL/min: 50% dose reduction

67
Q

Kinetics - Hydrocodone

A

Absorption: well absorbed
Distribution: unknown
Metabolism: prodrug activated to hydromorphone by CYP2D6; then CYP3A4 substrate
Elimination: renal 26%; T1/2 = 8 hours
Hepatic and Renal Dose Adjustment: severe - start with < 10 mg dose

68
Q

Kinetics - Methadone

A

Absorption: F = 85%
Distribution: Vd = 3.6 L/kg; 85-90% protein bound
Metabolism: hepatic, CYP2B6 and 3A4 substrate; moderate 2D6 inhibitor
Elimination: renal 10-20%; T1/2 = 48-60 hours
Hepatic Dose Adjustment: none
Renal Dose Adjustment: none

69
Q

Kinetics - Morphine

A

Absorption: F <40%; food slows rate but not extend of absorption
Distribution: Vd = 1.6 L/kg; 20-36% protein bound
Metabolism: hepatic by glucuronidation
Elimination: renal 90%; T1/2 = 15 hours
Hepatic Dose Adjustment: Severe impairment, extend dosing interval or lower starting dose
Renal Dose Adjustment:
a) 10-50mL/min: decrease dose by 25%
b) <10mL/min: decrease dose by 50%

70
Q

Kinetics - Oxycodone

A

Absorption: F= 60-87%, food enhances absorption
Distribution: Vd= 2.6L/kg,
45% protein bound
Metabolism: Hepatic, CYP3A4 substrate
Elimination: renal 20%; T1/2 = 3-4 hours (IR); 5-18 hours (ER)
Hepatic Dose Adjustment: titrate w/ caution
a) IR: initiate lose dose;
b) ER: initiate at 1/3-1/2 usual dose
Renal Dose Adjustment: <60mL/min: reduce starting dose

71
Q

Kinetics - Tramadol

A 
Absorption:
a) IR: F= 75%
b) ER: F= 70% w/ variable food effect
Distribution: Vd= 3L; 20% protein bound
Metabolism: Hepatic via CYP3A4 and 2D6
Elimination: Renal 30%; T1/2 6 hour
Hepatic Dose Adjustment: Moderate or severe, IR: 50mg PO q12h; AVOID ER
Renal Dose Adjustment: <30mL/min, IR: extend interval to q12h (MDD: 200 mg); AVOID ER
72
Q

Drug Interactions - Allopurinol

A
  1. Didanosine = AVOID
  2. Azathioprine = reduce azathioprine dose by 1/3 or avoid use
  3. Cyclophosphamide = monitor for toxic effects
73
Q

Drug Interactions - Febuxostat

A
  1. Substrates for xanthine oxidase
  2. Contraindicated with azathioprine or mercaptopurine
  3. Caution with didanosine, theophylline
74
Q

Drug Interactions - Colchicine

A
  1. Lipid-lowering agents (fibrates, statins) = AVOID

2. CYP3A4 inducers/inhibitors = monitor

75
Q

Drug Interactions - Buprenorphine/Naloxone

A
  1. CYP3A4 inducers/inhibitors = monitor and consider dose adjustments
  2. Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, muscle relaxants, phenothiazines = monitor
76
Q

Drug Interactions - Codeine

A
  1. CYD2D6 inhibitors = AVOID
  2. Opioid agonists/antagonists = AVOID d/t withdrawal
  3. CNS depressants (opioids, alcohols) = AVOID
  4. Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, muscle relaxants, phenothiazines = AVOID
  5. SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, Triptans = counsel when takin in combination with
77
Q

Drug Interactions - Fentanyl Transdermal

A
  1. CYP3A4 inducers/inhibitors = consider dose increase w/inducers, avoid w/strong or moderate inhibitors
  2. Opioid agonist/antagonist = AVOID d/t withdrawal
  3. Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, muscle relaxants, phenothiazines
  4. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers = AVOID
  5. MAOIs = AVOID
  6. SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, Triptans = counsel when taken in combination with
78
Q

Drug Interactions - Hydrocodone

A
  1. CYP2D6 inhibitors = monitor and consider dose increase
  2. CYP3A4 inducers/inhibitors = monitor and consider dose increase w/inducers; avoid with strong inhibitors; caution with moderate inhibitors and consider dose decrease
  3. Opioid agonist/antagonist = AVOID d/t withdrawal
  4. Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, muscle relaxants, phenothiazines = AVOID
  5. MAOIs = AVOID
  6. SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, Triptans = counsel when taken in combination with
79
Q

Drug Interactions - Methadone

A
  1. CYP2B6 inhibitors/inducers = monitor
  2. CYP2D6 substrates = AVOID
  3. CYP3A4 inducers/inhibitors = monitor
  4. Opioid agonists/antagonists = AVOID d/t withdrawal
  5. Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, muscle relaxants, phenothiazines = AVOID
  6. MAOIs = contraindicated
  7. SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, Triptans = counsel when taken in combination with
  8. Amiodarone, agents that prolong QT interval = AVOID
  9. Didanosine = separate use by 1-2 hours
80
Q

Drug Interactions - Morphine

A
  1. Opioid agonist/antagonists = AVOID d/t withdrawal
  2. Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, muscle relaxants, phenothiazines = AVOID
  3. MAOIs = contraindicated
  4. SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, Triptans = counsel when taken in combination with
81
Q

Drug Interactions - Oxycodone

A
  1. CYP3A4 inducers/inhibitors = caution
  2. Opioid agonists/antagonists = AVOID d/t withdrawal
  3. Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, muscle relaxants, phenothiazines = AVOID
82
Q

Drug Interactions - Tramadol

A
  1. CYP2D6 inhibitors = consider dose decrease
  2. CYP3A4 inducers/inhibitors = consider dose changes
  3. Opioid agonists/antagonists = AVOID d/t withdrawal
  4. Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, muscle relaxants, phenothiazines = AVOID
  5. MAOIs = contraindicated
  6. SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, Triptans = counsel when taken in combination with
83
Q

Allopurinol in Pregnancy/Lactation

A

Pregnancy: caution
Lactation: compatible

84
Q

Colchicine in Pregnancy/Lactation

A

Pregnancy: compatible
Lactation: probably compatible

85
Q

Febuxostat in Pregnancy/Lactation

A

Pregnancy: caution
Lactation: possibly toxic

86
Q

Buprenorphine/Naloxone in Pregnancy/Lactation

A

Probably compatible

87
Q

Codeine in Pregnancy/Lactation

A

Contraindicated

88
Q

Fentanyl Transdermal in Pregnancy/Lactation

A

Pregnancy: risk
Lactation: compatible

89
Q

Methadone in Pregnancy/Lactation

A

Pregnancy: risk
Lactation: compatible

90
Q

Morphine, Hydrocodone, Oxycodone, and Tramadol in Pregnancy/Lactation

A

Risk

91
Q

Black Box Warning - Febuxostat

A

Increased risk of death (cardiac, all-cause)

92
Q

Black Box Warnings - Codeine

A
  1. Serious risks of misuse, abuse, addiction, overdose, and death
  2. Concurrent use with benzodiazepines/CNS depressants/ethanol
  3. Hepatotoxicity
  4. Neonatal opioid withdrawal
  5. Accidental Ingestion
  6. Children who are CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizers
93
Q

Black Box Warnings - Fentanyl

A
  1. Concurrent use with benzodiazepines/CNS depressants/ethanol
  2. Respiratory Depression
  3. CYP3A4 interactions
  4. REMS
  5. Accidental Ingestion
  6. Transdermal not for use post-operatively; fatalities in children; formulations not interchangeable; fever; care with disposal
94
Q

Black Box Warnings - Hydrocodone

A
  1. Serious risks of misuse, abuse, addiction, overdose, and death
  2. Concurrent use with benzodiazepines/CNS depressants/ethanol
  3. Respiratory Depression
  4. Hepatotoxicity
  5. Neonatal opioid withdrawal
  6. CYP3A4 interactions
  7. REMS
  8. Accidental Ingestion
95
Q

Black Box Warnings - Methadone

A
  1. Serious risks of misuse, abuse, addiction, overdose, and death
  2. Concurrent use with benzodiazepines/CNS depressants/ethanol
  3. Respiratory Depression
  4. Neonatal opioid withdrawal
  5. REMS
  6. Accidental Ingestion
  7. QTc prolongation; conditions for use in opioid addiction; CYP interactions
96
Q

Black Box Warnings - Morphine

A
  1. Serious risks of misuse, abuse, addiction, overdose, and death
  2. Concurrent use with benzodiazepines/CNS depressants/ethanol
  3. Respiratory Depression
  4. Neonatal opioid withdrawal
  5. REMS
  6. Accidental Ingestion
  7. Medication errors
97
Q

Black Box Warnings - Oxycodone

A
  1. Serious risks of misuse, abuse, addiction, overdose, and death
  2. Concurrent use with benzodiazepines/CNS depressants/ethanol
  3. Respiratory Depression
  4. Neonatal opioid withdrawal
  5. CYP3A4 interactions
  6. REMS
  7. Accidental Ingestion
  8. Medication errors with oral solution
98
Q

Black Box Warnings - Tramadol

A
  1. Serious risks of misuse, abuse, addiction, overdose, and death
  2. Concurrent use with benzodiazepines/CNS depressants/ethanol
  3. Respiratory Depression
  4. Neonatal opioid withdrawal
  5. REMS
  6. Accidental Ingestion
  7. CYP2D6, drug interactions, errors
99
Q

Contraindications - Colchicine

A

Patients with renal and/or hepatic failure

100
Q

Contraindications - Codeine

A

Avoid use in < 12 years of age or aged 12-18 years post-op after tonseillectomy

101
Q

Contraindications - Fentanyl Transdermal

A

Avoid in acute or post-operative pain, bronchial asthma, mild or intermittent pain, opioid non-tolerant patients and paralytic ileus

102
Q

Contraindications - Hydrocodone

A

Avoid in paralytic ileus, respiratory depression, severe asthma

103
Q

Contraindications - Methadone

A

Avoid in bronchial asthma, paralytic ileus, respiratory depression, hypercarbia

104
Q

Contraindications - Morphine

A

Avoid in acute or severe asthma, paralytic ileus, respiratory depression, GI obstruction, concurrent use or within 14 days of MAOI

105
Q

Contraindications - Oxycodone

A

Avoid with asthma, paralytic ileus, respiratory depression, hypercarbia

106
Q

Contraindications - Tramadol

A

Avoid with paralytic ileus, respiratory depression, bronchial asthma, age < 12 years, hypercapnia, current MAOI use or use within the last 14 days

107
Q

Adverse Effects - Allopurinol

A

Common: none

Less common: Rash, maculopapular eruption, acute attacks of gout with initiation

Rare but serious: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, granulomatous hepatitis, hepatotoxicity, immune hypersensitivity reaction, renal failure

108
Q

Adverse Effects - Colchicine

A

Common: D/N

Less common: vomiting

Rare but serious: agranulocytosis, rhabdomyolysis

109
Q

Adverse Effects - Febuxostat

A

Common: none

Less common: rash, nausea, elevated LFTs, arthralgia

Rare but serious: ECG abnormalities, hypersensitivity, stroke, mood changes, drug reaction rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms

110
Q

Adverse Effects - Buprenorphine/Naloxone

A

Common: Vasodilation, sweating, headaches, insomnia, constipation, GI distress, opioid withdrawal, dizziness

Less common: Dyspnea, respiratory depression, glossodynia

Rare but serious: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, physical dependence, tolerance, elevated liver functions tests, seizures

111
Q

Adverse Effects - Codeine

A

Common: Nausea, vomiting, constipation, somnolence

Less common: Pruritus, euphoria, dizziness

Rare but serious: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, GI bleeding, elevated liver functions, thrombocytopenia, physical dependence, tolerance, respiratory depression, serotonin syndrome, adrenal insufficiency, decreased sex hormones

112
Q

Adverse Effects - Fentanyl Transdermal

A

Common: Application site reactions, sweating, constipation, GI distress, confusion, headache, anxiety, urinary retention, fatigue

Less common: Arrhythmias, chest pain, dyspnea, respiratory depression upper respiratory tract infection

Rare but serious: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, physical dependence, tolerance

113
Q

Adverse Effects - Hydrocodone

A

Common: Constipation, GI distress, somnolence

Less common: Rash, respiratory depression, euphoria, pruritus

Rare but serious: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, physical dependence, tolerance, respiratory depression, serotonin syndrome, adrenal insufficiency, decreased sex hormones

114
Q

Adverse Effects - Methadone

A

Common: Constipation, GI distress, hypotension, dizziness, sedation

Less common: Diaphoresis, physical dependence, tolerance

Rare but serious: Respiratory depression, arrhythmias, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, QTc prolongation, serotonin syndrome, adrenal insufficiency, hypogonadism

115
Q

Adverse Effects - Morphine

A

Common: Constipation, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, dizziness, sedation, diaphoresis, headaches, depression, xerostomia

Less common: Dyspnea, urinary retention, edema, pruritis

Rare but serious: Cardiac arrest, physical dependence, respiratory depression, serotonin syndrome, adrenal insufficiency, decreased sex hormones

116
Q

Adverse Effects - Oxycodone

A

Common: Constipation, GI distress, sedation, sweating, pruritus

Less common: Asthenia, dyspnea, hypotension, euphoria, nausea, vomiting

Rare but serious: Cardiac arrest, respiratory depression, physical dependence, tolerance, severe hypersensitivity, serotonin syndrome, adrenal insufficiency, decreased sex hormones

117
Q

Adverse Effects - Tramadol

A

Common: Constipation, GI distress, dizziness, sedation, edema, sweating, pruritus, headaches, flushing

Less common: Dyspnea, xerostomia, depression, orthostatic hypotension

Rare but serious: Cardiac arrest, physical dependence, tolerance, seizures, pancreatitis, suicidal ideation, anemia, serotonin syndrome, adrenal insufficiency, decreased sex hormones

118
Q

Drug Monitoring - Allopurinol

A

Efficacy: Resolution of signs of gout, serum uric acid measured 48 hours after therapy

Toxicity: LFTs, renal function, CBC

119
Q

Drug Monitoring - Colchicine

A

Efficacy: Resolution of gout s/sx

Toxicity: CBC, Alk Phos at baseline & periodically, s/sx of agranulocytosis or myotoxicity, renal & hepatic function

120
Q

Drug Monitoring - Febuxostat

A

Efficacy: Reduction in uric acid levels < 6mg/dL, decrease in gout attacks

Toxicity: LFTs baseline & periodically, s/sx of CV events, s/sx of hypersensitivity or severe skin reactions

121
Q

Drug Monitoring - Buprenorphine/Naloxone

A

Efficacy: UDS(-) for illicit drugs, relief of s/sx associated with narcotic addiction

Toxicity: Severe skin rash, excessive drowsiness, decreased breathing, severe constipation

122
Q

Drug Monitoring - Codeine

A

Efficacy: Decreased pain

Toxicity: LFTs, SCr
Chronic use: severe skin rash, black tarry stools, excessive drowsiness, yellowing of eyes & skin, change in urination

123
Q

Drug Monitoring - Fentanyl Transdermal

A

Efficacy: Relief of pain

Toxicity: Severe skin rash, excessive drowsiness, decreased breathing, HR, severe constipation, chest pain, inability to urinate, constipation

124
Q

Drug Monitoring - Hydrocodone

A

Efficacy: Relief of pain

Toxicity: Seek medical attention if severe skin rash, excessive drowsiness, decreased breathing, severe constipation, black tarry stools or yellowing of eyes or skin

125
Q

Drug Monitoring - Methadone

A

Efficacy: Relief of pain, relief of s/sx associated with opioid addiction

Toxicity: Seek medical attention if severe skin rash, excessive drowsiness, decreased breathing, severe constipation, chest pain or dizziness; vital signs. Consider ECG if on other QTc prolonging agents

126
Q

Drug Monitoring - Morphine

A

Efficacy: Relief of pain

Toxicity: Excessive drowsiness, decreased breathing, severe constipation, chest pain, dizziness , vital signs

127
Q

Drug Monitoring - Oxycodone

A

Efficacy: Relief of pain

Toxicity: Excessive drowsiness, severe skin rash, decreased breathing, severe constipation, chest pain, dizziness. Monitor vital signs, specifically RR and BP

128
Q

Drug Monitoring - Tramadol

A

Efficacy: Relief of pain

Toxicity: Excessive drowsiness, decreased breathing, severe constipation, chest pain, dizziness, signs of tolerance. Monitor vital signs

129
Q

Counseling and Pearls - Allopurinol

A

Counseling: Take at after meals to lessen gastric irritation. Adequate hydration to prevent kidney stones. Avoid alcohol and caffeine. Seek medical attention if s/sx of myelosuppression, agranulocytosis or SJS occur.

Pearls: Not for acute treatment therefore patient adherence is crucial. Full effect can take 2-6 weeks. Recommend slow dose titration.

130
Q

Counseling and Pearls - Colchicine

A

Counseling: Ensure patient is aware of proper dosing strategy for gout flares (dosing to symptom relief or onset of ADR, particularly diarrhea)

Pearls: Medication guide required for dispensing. A natural alkaloid found in plants like the autumn crocus and glory lily

131
Q

Counseling and Pearls - Febuxostat

A

Counseling: Take at without food. Recommend weight loss and limitation of alcohol to reduce gout attacks. Seek medical attention for severe mood swings, rashes or abnormal heartbeat.

Pearls: More effective in lowering uric acid levels but caused higher LFT levels than allopurinol. Associated with greater risk of CV-related death and all cause death. May need prophylactic therapy with NSAID or Colchicine for the first 6 months of initiation due to an increase in gout flares.

132
Q

Counseling and Pearls - Buprenorphine/Naloxone

A

Counseling: Use a stool softener and/or laxative to prevent constipation. Avoid driving and tasks requiring motor coordination due to drowsiness. Avoid alcohol and other CNS depressants. Do not crush or swallow tablet. Place tablet(s)/film under the tongue until it dissolves. If a second film is needed, place on the opposite side from the first film. For buccal film, press and hold firm by finger against moist cheek for 5 seconds, do not use more than 2 buccal films at a time. If a second film is needed, place on the opposite cheek.

Pearls: Monitor for signs of diversion. Concurrent use with opioids with precipitate withdrawal symptoms. There is a ceiling effect which limits the analgesic properties. Sublingual film and tablet strengths are NOT interchangeable. Do not substitute within products. REMS program. Additional counseling and psychosocial support is recommended. Not recommended for treatment of dependence on long-acting opiates or methadone but useful for withdrawal of short-acting opiates and heroin.

133
Q

Counseling and Pearls - Codeine

A

Counseling:
If using chronically, laxative is recommended to prevent constipation. May cause drowsiness, avoid driving or other tasks requiring motor coordination. Avoid alcohol.

Pearls: Caution in elderly as they are more sensitive to effects. Caution with other CNS depressants due to additive effects. Avoid use with benzodiazepines. Tolerance and physical dependence may occur; avoid abrupt discontinuation. Oral solution has 7% alcohol. Has a liquid formulation combination with guaifenesin for cough.

CYP2D6 gene interaction
Multiple genes - ultra-rapid metabolism

Lack functional genes - do not metabolize codeine to morphine

134
Q

Counseling and Pearls - Hydrocodone

A

Counseling: Use stool softener and/or laxative to prevent constipation. May cause drowsiness, avoid driving or other tasks requiring motor coordination. Avoid alcohol and CNS depressants.

Pearls: Caution in elderly. Avoid use with benzodiazepines. Tolerance and physical dependence may occur  do not abruptly stop. If using with APAP, do not exceed > 3 grams of APAP/day

135
Q

Counseling and Pearls - Methadone

A

Counseling: Use motility-promoting laxative to prevent constipation. May cause drowsiness, avoid driving or other tasks requiring motor coordination. Avoid alcohol and CNS depressants. Seek medical attention if SOB or extremely drowsy. Breast-feeding women should monitor child for signs of sedation & respiratory depression.

Pearls: Tolerance and physical dependence may occur  do not abruptly stop. High patient variability therefore careful initiation and titration dosing. Fatal respiratory depression has occurred with the highest risk at initiation and with dosage increases. For oral administration only. Do not chew or swallow table for suspension-dissolve in liquid and drink. Keep away from children and pets. Should avoid use with benzodiazepines. Medication guide required at dispensing. REMS requirements.

136
Q

Counseling and Pearls - Fentanyl Transdermal

A

Counseling: Use laxative to prevent constipation. May cause drowsiness, avoid driving or other tasks requiring motor coordination. Avoid alcohol and CNS depressants. Apply to clean, dry skin. Skin breaks may increase absorption. Remove old patch when new one applied. Febrile patients may have increased absorption. Monitor carefully

Pearls: Not for acute pain. Caution in elderly, due to increased sensitivity for ADR. Tolerance and dependence can occur, avoid abrupt discontinuation. REMS requirements. Also available as injectable, nasal spray, oral liquid, buccal film, buccal tablet, and sublingual tablet. Substantial differences exist in the pharmacokinetic profile of fentanyl products. Do not convert patients on a mcg-per-mcg basis from one fentanyl product to another fentanyl product; the substitution of one fentanyl product for another fentanyl product may result in a fatal overdose. Do not cut patch. Contraindicated in opioid-naïve patients; use limited to opioid tolerant patients. Avoid concomitant use with benzodiazepines, alcohol or other CNS depressants. Absorption from patch is delayed 12-24 h after patch placement due to depot effect in the outer layer of skin. Skin depot also results in lingering presence of drug in serum after patch removal.

137
Q

Counseling and Pearls - Morphine

A

Counseling: Use stimulant laxative to prevent constipation. May cause drowsiness, avoid driving or other tasks requiring motor coordination. Avoid alcohol and CNS depressants. ER products should not be crushed or chewed as it will release the total morphine dosage at once and increase the risk of respiratory depression. ER capsule can be opened and sprinkled on soft food but must be swallowed whole and not chewed.

Pearls: Avoid use with benzodiazepines. Tolerance and physical dependence may occur  do not abruptly stop. 20mg/mL concentration is only for opioid-tolerant patients. REMS requirements. ER products should not be used in children. Fatal respiratory depression has occurred but commonly at dose start or change. Avinza cannot be administered with alcoholic beverages or ethanol-containing products.

138
Q

Counseling and Pearls - Oxycodone

A

Counseling: Use laxative to prevent constipation. May cause drowsiness, avoid driving or other tasks requiring motor coordination. Avoid alcohol and CNS depressants.

Pearls: Significant drug of abuse. Tolerance and physical dependence may occur  do not abruptly stop. ER products cannot be crushed or chewed because it will release total oxycodone dose and increase risk of respiratory depression. ER products should not be used in children. Keep in safe space away from children. Do not use with benzodiazepines. REMS requirements. Preferred to be used in combination with APAP due to beneficial pain management effect abuse potential.

139
Q

Counseling and Pearls - Tramadol

A

Counseling: Use laxative to prevent constipation if used chronically. May cause drowsiness, avoid driving or other tasks requiring motor coordination. Avoid alcohol and CNS depressants. ER products cannot be crushed or chewed, but can be taken with or without food, but always take the same way to avoid absorption variability.

Pearls: Tolerance and physical dependence may occur  do not abruptly stop. Tramadol related deaths have been reported in patients with histories of emotional disturbances, suicidal ideation/attempts, or misuse of tranquilizers, alcohol and other CNS-active drugs. Suspension and creams are available in compounding kits. Avoid use with benzodiazepines. Tramadol does not appear to produce significant respiratory depression or CV effects in most patients.

Top Drugs 1 (5 decks)

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