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Pathophysiology For HIM > Goulds Chpts 1,2,6,7,8 > Flashcards

Goulds Chpts 1,2,6,7,8 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Study of functional (physiologic) changes in the body as a result from a disease process

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2
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Refers to the development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process

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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintains a relative stable environment regardless of external changes

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4
Q

Microscopic

A

Cellular level. Can only see with a microscopy

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5
Q

Diagnosis

A

Identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs (objective:example fever) symptoms (subjective: example “sharp pain”)

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6
Q

Etiology

A

Causative factors in a particular disease

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7
Q

Idiopathic

A

The cause of the disease is unknown

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8
Q

Iatrogenic

A

When a treatment, procedure or physician error cause a disease

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9
Q

Predisposing factors

A

“High-risk” factors that have the tendencies to promote the development of a disease in an individual.
Example: age, race, gender, habits

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10
Q

Prophylaxis

A

Preventive measure to spread disease

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11
Q

Insidious onset

A

The start of the disease is a gradual progression with only vague or mild signs

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12
Q

Acute disease

A

A short-term illness that develops quickly.

Sudden, severe

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13
Q

Chronic disease

A

A milder condition that develops gradually but persists for a long period of time

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14
Q

Subclinical

A

Pathologic changes occur but no obvious manifestations are exhibited by the patient.

Example kidney damage progressed to advance stages of renal failure before symptoms manifested.

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15
Q

Latent stage

A

After exposure to a disease it is the Silent stage with no clinical evidence, signs or symptoms but the probably communicable (easily spread to others)

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16
Q

Parethesias

A

“Pins & needles” sensation

Common in hypo- and hyper- kalemia

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17
Q

Cardiac dysrhythmia, neuromuscular deficiency, paresthesias, shallow breathing and renal failure are all signs of what type of blood disorder?

A

Hyperkalemia

And hypokalemia

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18
Q

What impact does hypokalemia have on the body?

A

Cardiac dysrhythmia, neuromuscular deficiency, paresthesias, shallow breathing, renal failure

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19
Q

Disease

A

Deviation from the normal state of health or homeostasis

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20
Q

Acidosis primarily effects what system in the body?

A

Nervous system

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21
Q

This substance is used to fight microorganisms on living tissue

A

Antiseptic

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22
Q

Condition with the prescence of nits at the base of hair shaft

A

Pediculosis (Lice)

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23
Q

Predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease

A

Prognosis

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24
Q

Name for white blood cell

A

Leukocyte

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25
Maintenance of a stable internal environment regardless of the outside environment
Homeostasis
26
A very severe, systematic allergic reaction and may be fatal
Anaphylaxis
27
This condition usually indicates the presence of a bacterial infection
Leukocytosis
28
Microbes present in the blood, specifically bacteria
Septicemia
29
Higher number of cases of infectious disease in many regions across the globe
Pandemic
30
Cellular adaptation in which the cell size decreases
Atrophy
31
This substance used to fight microorganisms on non living surfaces
Disinfectant
32
Hansen's disease that is caused by bacterium
Leprosy
33
A collection of signs and symptoms that usually occur together in response to a certain condition
Syndrome
34
Layer of skin that lacks blood vessels and nerves.
Epidermis
35
This infection is highly contagious with small vesicles that rupture to produce a crusty brown pruritic mass
Impetigo
36
Hypocalcemia may cause this condition; another name for constant muscle contraction
Tetany
37
This disease deposits collagen in the small blood vessels in the skin and sometimes the viscera
Scleroderma
38
Constant sweating
Diaphoresis
39
Common cause for diaphoresis
Hyponatremia
40
Precipitating factor
A circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur
41
A disease causing microbe is what?
Pathogen
42
Anaerobic bacterium
Thrives in the absence of oxygen
43
Bacilli bacteria
Rod-shaped organisms which include vibrio (curved rods) and pleomorphic (variable and indistinct shape)
44
Cocci bacteria
Spherical shape or berry shape
45
Strep(to)-
Chains
46
Staph(ylo)-
Grape like clusters
47
Palisade-
Refers to bacterial cells lying together with the long sides parallel
48
Pili or fimbriae
Tiny hair like structures found on some bacteria
49
Exotoxins
Usually produced by GRAM-POSITIVE bacteria and diffuse through body fluids
50
Enterotoxins
Toxin Stimulate the vomiting center and cause gastrointestinal stress
51
Endotoxin
Present in the cell wall and released after bacterium dies
52
Virus
A parasite that requires a living host cell for replication. They mutate easily which makes them hard to control . I.e. Influenza
53
Name three microorganisms that have similarities to both bacteria and viruses. They replicate by binary fission but require living cells to reproduce.
Chlamydiae, rickettsiae, mycoplasmas
54
Fungi is often found where?
On dead organic material such as plants promoted by warmth and moisture
55
Tinea pedis
Fungal infection on the skin called Athlete's foot
56
Candida
Fungus in the oral cavity is called thrush
57
Protozoa
More complex organisms that can live on dead or live organic matter. I.e.: malaria
58
Eukaryotic cells
Cells with a nucleus they lack cell walls (except plants) their DNA is enclosed in the nuclear membrane The opposite is prokaryotic cell, a simple structure with a cell wall
59
Helminths
Parasite worms
60
Prions
Abnormal molecule transmissible in tissue contaminated with a protein
61
When a group of cells in a body dies, the change is called
Necrosis
62
A raised, thin-walled lesion containing clear fluid is called
Vesicle
63
Metabolic acidosis is likely to be caused by what prolonged sign
Diarrhea
64
A deviation from the normal state of health and function
Disease
65
Apoptosis is what?
Preprogrammed cell self-destruction
66
Universal precaution
Treat everyone like they are sick. Precaution taken assuming all body fluids are possible sources of infection
67
Nosocomial
Infections that occur from exposure in a healthcare facility, doctors office, hospital, nursing home
68
A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape. Large nuclei are frequently present
Dysplasia
69
Deficiency of potassium
Hypokalemia
70
The term to Control bleeding
Hemostasis
71
A symptomatic person whose body harbors pathogens and can transmit them to others
Carrier
72
Increased cell size
Hypertrophy
73
Communicable
Infectious diseases that can spread from one person to another
74
The science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of a disease
Epidemiology
75
Hyperplasia
Increased number (quantity) of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass
76
Mortality
Indicate the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease
77
One mature cell type is replaced by different mature cell type
Metaplasia
78
Sequelae
Unwanted outcome from a primary condition. Example paralysis following a stroke
79
Disease rate within a certain group is called what?
Morbidity rate
80
Subjective feelings such as pain or nausea are know as what in the diagnosis?
Symptom
81
Ischemia
Decreased supply of oxygenated blood to Cells
82
Hypoxia
Decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues
83
Anaplasia
Cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures. Characteristics of cancer
84
Hematocrit and what could elevate it?
% of RBC to total blood or whole blood Dehydration
85
Incubation period
The disease process is developing
86
Prodromal
Early development of the disease. Signs absent or nonspecific
87
Third spacing fluid
Fluid shifts out of blood into body cavity or tissue and can no longer renter vascular compartment Example ascitis
88
Hypernatremia
Too much sodium in the blood
89
Hypokalemia
Low potassium in the blood Effects: cardiac dysrhythmia, neuromuscular functions, paresthesias (pins&needles feeling), shallow respiration, polyuria Normal range is 3.5-5.0u
90
Low pH less than 7.4
Acidosis to much hydrogen ions
91
High pH more than 7.4
Alkalosis hydrogen ions are too low
92
Hypocalcemia
Low calcium in the blood. Some causes: increased pH level alkalosis, renal failure, hypoparathyroidism
93
Tetany
Constant muscle contractions
94
Paresthesias
Pins and needles sensation
95
Nevus or Nevi
Mole
96
Hemostasis
Stop bleeding
97
Bacterial endospore
Latent stage. Can't reproduce. Can survive long periods in adverse conditions
98
Keratin
Protein in epidermis that prevents fluid loss from body and letting excessive water into body (while swimming)
99
Epidermis stratum basale
Only layer where mitosis occurs
100
Stratum corneum
Outer most layer of epidermis made up of mostly dead cells
101
Name 4 types of hypersensitivity
1) allergic 2) cytotoxic - IgG react example incompatible blood transfusion 3) immune complex 4) cell mediated or delayed example TB test
102
Pruritic
Itchy
103
Purulent
Pus
104
Utricaria
Hives or Wheals | Hypersensitive type 1
105
Atopic dermatitis
Eczema | Dry, scaly, itchy rash
106
Red lesions that develop into a silvery patch
Psoriasis
107
Autoimmune disorder causes blisters ( bullae) skin sheds leaving painful open sore
Pemphigus
108
Collagen deposits into arterioles or capillaries reducing blood flow
Scleroderma
109
Furuncles
Boils Begins are hair follicles Usually large amount of purulent exudate (pus)
110
Fomites
Inanimate objects like doorknobs transmitted bacteria
111
Erysipelas
Cellulitis infection of dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Red streaks may develop
112
Acute necrotizing fasciitis
Flesh eating disease | Mixture of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria
113
Type of latent disease triggered active by common cold, stress or sun exposure
Herpes simplex
114
Verrucae
Warts
115
IgG
Immunoglobulin Most common in the blood Fights infection neutralizes viruses and toxins Gets transferred from mother to baby
116
IgA
Immunoglobulin | Found in mucous secretions
117
IgM
Immunoglobulin Physically the largest antibody produced by B cells. Mostly produced in the spleen it's the first responder to antigens(foreign bodies)

Pathophysiology For HIM (1 decks)

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