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NT Intro > Gospel of John & Methods of NT Research > Flashcards

Gospel of John & Methods of NT Research Flashcards

1
Q

What is textual Criticism?
Canon Criticism?
Source Criticism?

Form Criticism?

Redaction Criticism?

A

Textual Criticism: establishing the true text.

Canon Criticism: establishing the Canon of Scripture.

Source Criticism: evaluating the sources, searching for the oldest.

Form Criticism: the oral sources and their Sitz in Leben.

Redaction Criticism: how editors handled the source material.

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2
Q

When did interest in textual criticism begin?

A

It began in the late Renaissance, as they got interested in other ancient texts.

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3
Q

When was the first bible printed and by who?

A

Gutenberg printed Vulgata (Latin Bible) 1450.

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4
Q

When did the frist Greek edition come out?

A

1514: first Greek edition

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5
Q

What did Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466 – 1536) try to do with regard to textual criticism?

A

He tried to bring about a new bible that was closer to the original, and he used two 13th century texts for this.

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6
Q

Who published the first bible with an apparatus with different varriants applicable to the text, and who followed suit in 1581?

A

Stefanus.

Theodor Beza continues 1581, and his editions are bases for KJV 1611

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7
Q

What does Textus Receptus, coined in 1624?

A

“The Received text,” meaning the text which the church has received as the right one.

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8
Q

What is the weakness of textus receptus?

A

It is not the earliest manuscripts. It is less close to the original. Although the majority of the manuscripts support textus receptus, it is not the majority that is right but the oldest.

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9
Q

Which scholar gathers the manuscript in 3 groups in the 1770’s? What are the groups?

A

Griesbach.

  1. Alexandrian (Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Vaticanus)
  2. Western (Italian, African)
  3. Byzantine text (Majority Text) > Textus Receptus
    This (the first!) division has become extremely influential
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10
Q

What is the two criterias for the best manuscripts?

(2 latin names)

A 
_lectio brevior_ (the shortest is the original),
_lectio difficilior_ (the most difficult is the best)
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11
Q

What German scholar rejected Textus Receptus in 1831?

A

Lachman

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12
Q

Who search for new manuscripts all over the globe and published 8 editions of NT with apparatus up to 1872?

What was his most important exploit in terms of manuscript?

A

Tischendorf.

Codex Sinaiticus. (st. Chaterine’s monestary)

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13
Q

Who are the most well-known early textual critics? They developed cirtical methods (2) 1881

A

Westscott & Hort.

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14
Q

What material did ancient writers write on? When did the Arabic paper arrive on the scene?

What kind of formats were the writings collected in?

A

They wrote on Papyrus (expensive) or Pargament (animal skin). Arabic paper appeared about 800 A.D.

The format was first Scrolls (max 35 feet) and later Codex (book)

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15
Q

From when is the oldest papyri?

What is Greek uncials, and from what year do they date from?

What are the Greek miniscules?

A

Papyri: 120’s A.d

Uncials (codex siniaiticus & only Captial letters). 4th Century

Miniscules: masses of text, from later peak at 8th cent.

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16
Q

How do we judge internal proof?

How do we judge external proof?

A

Internal proof:

what is the most likely rendering of the author;
which is the most likely change by a scribe?

External proof:

Quantity-quality: the quantity is no proof of authority
Genealogy: looking at textual families

Sound principles: Old texts + geographical distribution = probable

17
Q

What are the five typical mistakes of Scribes?

A

A) because of sight: omikron and theta, (hos/theos) gamma, pi, tau (agapais or apatais);

B) similar ending might make you jump over a line (homoeoteleuton)
C) because of hearing: itacism, long-short
D) wrong ‘thought’: replacing one word with a synonym: changing order of letters/words
E) by purpose:

      theology
      language
      harmonising
      mixing of manuscripts
18
Q

There are 3 Stadiums in Gospel Research, which?

A

A) Oral Stadium,

B) Source Stadium

Different (many) people began to gather material, oral and written

C) Written Stadium

  • They probably used common source material and all basically used the same chronological plan

therefore there are

likenesses in order
verbal likenesses

19
Q

Why are there differences in amongst the Gospel writers?

A

Yet they were different personalities with different opportunities and skills, therefore there are:

  • differences in mentality
  • in language
  • in purpose
  • in point of view
20
Q

What does the Synoptic gospels entail?

A
  • The scope: which is the literary relationship between the gospels
  • syn-opto: to see the same thing
  • the synoptic gospels are: Mt, Mk, Lk—John traditionally is treated on its own
  • there is a tool, used in gospel research: the Synopsis, setting up the four (!) gospels in parallel columns, useful for comparison
21
Q

What has been some of the big questions regarding the Gospel?

A
  • a big discussion, especially the last 200 years:
  • is there an Urevangelium?
  • did the early church gather oral texts?
  • is there a literary dependence?
  • could eyewitnesses have seen and recorded as accurate as this?
22
Q

What are the two main hypotheses regarding how and in which way the Gospels were written?

A
  • the Griesbach hypothesis: the first synoptic hypothesis—Mt was first, then Luke, then Mark
  • Dominating two-source hypothesis: Mark + Q
23
Q

What does Quelle mean?

A
  • Q: means Quelle, Source, “The Sayings source Q”
  • Papias talks about logia, saying
  • Luke says (1:1-4) that he used sources. Q should be considered as a source of different sayings, not a whole narrative (meaning not the passion narrative for example).

The logic behind Q: Q is the material where Mt and Lk agree which is not in Mark:
Q=Mt/Lk-Mk

24
Q

How valid is the Q hypothesis?

A
  • Q is only a hypothesis, but it must be evaluated for its explanatory power. We don’t know if it existed at all, and therefore it becomes problematic to talk about Q redactions (like a specific theology of Q).
  • Q does not explain everything since Mt-Lk is also has their own content.
25
Q

Q is said to be only a source of different sayings not containing any narrative parts. This, then, is taken as an argument that the passion narrative is constructed afterwards. What is the logical mistake in this?

A
  • Let’s look at the ‘formula’ again:
    • Q=Mt/Lk-Mk
  • First one explains similarities between Mt and Lk by Mark
  • Then the rest of the similarities are explained by Q
  • But since Mark then overlaps Q, there could well be things in Q that agree with Mark
  • Hence: IF there was a Q, it could well have contained the death and resurrection
26
Q

what is the popualr opinion about Q and the Gospel of Thomas? What is the problem with this?

A

That some layers of the Gospel of thomas together with Q are the oldest starta of sayings. There’s no evidence about early thomas and no physical evidence about Q.

This thought is the basis of a common hypothesis that Christianity was without the death and resurrection, that Jesus was a wisdom teacher and preacher of repentance. Period.

27
Q

The majority of scholars supports the Q hypothesis. However, who is the main proponent and which are the main critics?

A

Proponent: Kloppenborg Verbin

Critic: Goudler and Goodacre

28
Q

What does Form Cirticism do?

A
  • what happened before the gospels?
  • Form critics try to trace the earliest material and divide it from the later, invented by the Church. (primary, secondary, and reductionary)
29
Q

What does is their most famous line, and what does it mean?

A

Sitz im Leben - situation in life.

They try to discern in which ecclesiastical context a text fragment lived: preaching, catechesis, eucharist, batism.
They think every Sitz im Leben has its literary Form, Gattung, e.g., worship, hunting story etc.
then try to strip away the secondary.

30
Q

How does form critics divide the bible and what does this do to the narrative as a whole?

A

They divide the gospels into many small pieces, connected with certain situations, but abandon the narrative as a whole.

The division between what came about in the Palestinian early church and what was later developed in the Hellenistic church is very important.

31
Q

What conclusion does Bultman arrive at when he utilized form citicism to descide the historicity of the NT?

Who are the main figures in Form Criticism?

A

Radical historical skepticism. Little, if any, of the Gospels are original.

K.L. Schmidt; Martin Dibelius; Rudolf Bultmann

32
Q

How do we evalute the critera used by form citics?

Why is it a prblem to abondon the narrative?

A
  • The criteria for what was original are weak; classifies the forms without external comparisons
  • Abandons the narratives we have without giving us evidence of such ‘forms’ as was suggested
    • The reconstructions builds on a range of questionable hypotheses and models

Would it be possible to fabricate most of the New Testament narratives when many eyewitnesses were alive to check it?

33
Q

What is Redaction Criticism?

A
  • Redaction Criticism—how editors handled the source material
    • A development of Form Criticism, already there in Bultmann
  • Tries to trace how the different evangelists influenced the material with their theology

Reconstructs churches or schools as the places of a certain kind of interpretation

34
Q

What is the positive and negative parts of Reduction Criticism?

What is the risk when you start ascribing different interpretaions to different authors?

A

Positive: of course the people who gathered the materials affected it—and why not; might be a key to understanding
Negative: it is not possible to know how these authors thought and to reconstruct their theology—neither is it proven with a Matthean church etc.

As long as we have no firm criteria the methods do not work in a reliable way
Too much scepticism of the historical value of the gospels, over emphasising the authors role as theologians
The risk of constructing your own images …

35
Q

What does modern literary criticism stress?

What is the difference between conservative and the liberal stance?

A
  • The text as a whole.
    • E.g., narrative criticism, structuralist analysis

Conservative: don’t touch the text!
Liberal: the Bible as mere text.

NT Intro (9 decks)

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