Gøøġłē slides Flashcards
Basic nutrition & nutrition therapy
- Nutrition is the total of all processes involved in the taking in AND utilization of food substances for proper growth, functioning and maintenance of health
- Nutrition plays a role in health maintenance directly OR indirectly and plays a role in ALL body processes.
Role of the Nurse in promoting nutrition
The nurse can
-Help the pt understand the importance of diet
-Encourage dietary compliance
-serve meal trays to pt in a positive and fast manner
-Assist pt with eating
-Take and record pts weight
- record pts intake
-observe clinical signs of poor nutrition and report them
-serve as a communication link
Diet planning guides
-are to help maintain optimal nutrition
-standards are guidelines describing how good dietary habits can promote health and reduce risk for major chronic diseases
- My Plate (Balance the nutritional intake with exercise- minimum of 2 1/2 hours weekly)
- DRIs - Dietary reference intake
Essential Nutrients
- Those that our bodies can NOT make in amounts necessary for good health
The six classes of essential nutrients
- Carbohydrates
-Fats
-Protiens
-Vitamins
-Minerals
-Water
Carbohydrates
- To provide energy
-Sugar intake should be no more than 8% of daily calories - Complex carbohydrates
-Dietary fiber
-Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen
Fats
- Insoluble in water
-Necessary in body for good health
-Supply energy
-Unsaturated fatty acids - INcrease blood cholesterol
-Trans fatty acids - help lower LDL cholesterol
-Cholesterol- is found in foods of animal orgin
-Stored fats are adipose tissue and protect organs
Protien
-Makes up the bulk of the body’s lean tissues and organs for energy supply
- Necessary for tissue growth and repair
-Complete protein
-incomplete protein
-Vegan diets need a B12 supplement because B12 is only found in animal products
Dietary Fiber
- Found mostly in plants
-Can lower cholesterol and blood glucose levels
-Assist in weight loss
-insoluble fiber
-Soluble fiber
Vitamins
- Needed in small amounts
- Toxicity occurs with overconsumption
-Fat soluble
-Water soluble
A D E K vitamins
K plays a role in clotting blood
Minerals
- Calcium
-Sodium
-Potassium
-Iron
Diuretics can deplete potassium through urine excretion and cause muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias
Iron deficiency- pernicious anemia can occur in gastronomy patients because the intrinsic factor is missing due to stomach surgery
Life Cycle Nutrition
- Pregnancy and lactation
-Infancy - start solid food 4-6 months of age (Iron rich foods too such as cereals and meats )
-Childhood
-Adolescence
-Adulthood
Nutrient- Drug interactions
-Drugs may alter food intake by increasing or decreasing appetite
-They may also affect absorption, metabolism and excretion of certain nutrients
- Food intake and vitamin / mineral supplementation may affect the absorption, distribution , metabolism and actions of some medications
Medical nutrition therapy and therapeutic diets
- Medical nutrition therapy is the use of specific nutritional variations to build good health
-A diet used as a medical treatment is called therapeutic diet
( Liquid, soft and low, residue, high fiber, low calories, high calorie, high protein, low carb, low fat , protien restricted, low sodium
High Calorie and High Protien
- During times of stress the body needs more energy and protein
- Diet should provide increased amounts of kilocalories and protein in small volumes
- Diet should still provide balance of foods from all food groups
-Nutritional support in form of tube feedings may be considered
Enternal feedings (delivered through a g tube an example is when pt cannot consume through mouth
Obesity
-Kilocalorie - controlled and low calorie diets
-Used in treatment of obesity and in prevention of excess weight gain
•Measures of obesity
High and weight tables
BMI-
BMi normal range is 18.5-24.9
Underweight is 18.5
25-29.9 is overweight and 30 is obese
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 is insulin dependent
Type 2 Needs regular carb controlled meals
The primary goals for medical nutrition therapy are
- to improve metabolic control by achieving and maintaining optimal blood glucose
-To provided adequate energy for maintence and reasonable body weight
-to prevent acute and chronic complications of diabetes
- to improve overall health through optimal nutrition
-control carbohydrates by counting them
Fat modified diets
-Fat controlled diets
• to prevent and treat heart disease and hyperlipemia
•limits total fat, saturated fat and trans fatty acids
•Encourages moderatation
-Low fat diets
• All fats are limited regardless of saturation
•Used for diseases that involve malabsorption of fat
Protien, electrolyte and fluid modified diets
-Protien restricted diet (For liver and renal damage)
-Sodium restricted typically for cardiac pts
-potassium-modified diets
-Fluid - modified diets normally can have ice chips for thirst
Nutritional Support
-Enternal feedings
•Administration of nutritionally balanced liquefied foods or formula through a tube through the stomach
• Pts with a gastrostomy may experience using syndrome after g tube is inserted (food enters into small intestine too quickly) Pts should have small frequent meal to prevent this
-Parenteral nutrition support m- TPN (total parental nutrition) is infused through the superior vena cava of the heart
