GOOD LUCK! I LOVE YOU Flashcards
a programmable electronic device designed to accept data,perform prescribed mathematical and logical operations at high speed,and display the results of these operations
Computer
The First counting device was used by the Primitive people.
They Used Sticks,stones and bones counting tools
performs test on workstation core components such as CPU and memory.
Power On self Test
manage all of software and hardware on the computer
Os
it is built to do ballistic calculations for US military during World War II
ENIAC
2 types of Software
System Software
Application Software
The first used of the word “computer” was recorded in
1613
ancient memory aid device to record and documents, numbers, quantities or even messages.
Tally stick
The history of computers begins with the birth of the abacus which is believed to be the first computer.
Abacus
It was a manually-operated calculating device.
Napier’s Bone
Invented by John Napier(1550-1617) of Merchiston in 1614
Napier’s Bone
It was also the first machine to use the decimal point.
Napier’s Bone
First Computer Programmer
In 1840,Ada Lovelace or Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary
system. She writes programs for the Analytical Engine
The first computer company
was the
Electronic Controls Company.
Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly.
invented by William Oughtred in1622.
Slide rule
It was primarily used for multiplication, division, roots, logarithms and trigonometry.
Slide rule
Also known as Arithmetic Machine or Adding Machine.
Pascaline
It was invented between 1642 And 1644 by mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal
Pascaline
It is believed that it is the first mechanical and automatic calculator.
Pascaline
developed by German mathematician -philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz In 1673.
Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel
It was a digital mechanical calculator.The machine that can Add,subtract,multiply and divide automatically.
Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel
It is a mechanical loom. Invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.It’s an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
Jacquard Loom
A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820.
Arithmometer
The first reliable,useful, and commercially successful calculating machine.
Arithmometer
In the early 1820s,it was designed by Charles Babbage who’s known as “Father of Modern Computer”.
Difference Engine
it was a mechanical computer which could perform simple calculations
Difference Engine
It was a steam driven calculating machine designed to solve tables of numbers like logarithm tables.
Difference Engine
This calculating machine was developed by Charles Babbage in 1830.It was a mechanical computer That used punch-cards input. Storing info. as a permanent memory.
Analytical Engine
Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. The 1st printing calculator.
Scheutzian Calculation Engine
It was invented in 1890, by Herman Hollerith. It was a mechanical tabulator based on punch cards.
Tabulating Machine
Hollerith also started Hollerith’s __________ Company which later became International Business Machine(IBM) in 1924.
Tabulating Machine
It was the first electronic computer introduced in the United States in 1930. It could do 25 calculations in a few minutes. It was an analog device invented by Vannevar Bush.
Differential Analyzer
It was the first programmable digital computer.
Harvard Mark 1
In 1944, Mark I computer was built in partnership between IBM and Harvard.
Harvard Mark 1
The next major change in the history of computers began in 1937 when Howard Aiken planned to develop a machine that could perform calculations involving large numbers.
Harvard Mark 1
The first programmable computer. Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.
Z1
To program the ____ required that the user insert punch tape to a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape.
Z1
It was the first electronic digital computing device.
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
Invented by professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939-1942.
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
ENIAC stands for
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer.
It was the first electronic general-purpose computer. Completed in 11946.
ENIAC
Developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly.
ENIAC
was the first commercial computer.Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
UNIVAC 1
EDVAC stands for
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.
The First Stored Program Computer.
EDVAC
Designed by Von Neumann 1952.
EDVAC
It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.
EDVAC
The first portable computer. Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.
Osborne 1
slow,huge and expensive.In these computers,vacuum tubes were used as the basic components of CPU and memory.
First generation (1946-1958)
These computers mainly depended on a batch operating system and punch cards.
First generation (1946-1958)
was the era of the transistor computers.
Second generation (1959-1964)
These generation used integrated circuits ( ICs) instead of transistors
Third generation (1965–1980)
used very large scale integrated (VLSI)circuits;a chip containing millions of transistors and other circuit elements.
Fourth generation (1981- today)
Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).Still in development.
Fifth generation (today - future)
Classification Of Computers
Analog computers
Digital Computers
Super computer
Hybrid Computers
Mini Computers
Mainframe Computers
Small computer
-Microcomputer
-Note Book and Laptop
- Computer
- Hand Held computers
Applications Of Computers
Scientific, Engineering and Research
Business
Medicine
Information
Education
Games and Entertainment
Advantages of Computers
Speed
Accuracy
Efficiency
Storage capability
Versatility
Disadvantages of Computers
Cannot think on its own
It can only do what it has been programmed to do.
It can execute only those jobs that can expressed as finite set of instructions
The Computers Do Not Learn From Previous Experience
Any system is defined as group integrated part parts which are designed to achieve common objectives
Computer System
A Computer Is Made Up Of Several integrated elements like
The Central Processing Unit
The Input And Output Devices
The Storage Devices.
The basic parts of computer system are
Input Unit
The Central Processing Unit
Output Unit
devices which are used to feed programs and data to the computer.The input system connects the external environment with the computer system.
Input Unit
The functions of the input unit are:
accept information(data)and programs.
convert the data in a form which the computer can accept
provide this converted data to the computer for further processing
This is the brain of a computer system.
The Central Processing Unit
The central processing unit or CPU is made of three parts:
The Control Unit.
The Arithmetic Logic Unit
The Primary Storage Unit
give the results of the process and computations to the outside world.
Output Unit
10 Essential Computer Maintenance Tips:
PROTECT WITH PADDING
ORGANIZED CORDS
UPDATE YOUR OPERATING SYSTEM
UNPLUG TO AVOID OVERCHARGING
PURGE YOUR SYSTEM OF JUNK, FILES AND PROGRAM
RUN REGULAR ANTIVIRUS SCANS
CLEAN THE KEYBOARD AND CASE
UPDATE YOUR PASSWORDS
ORGANIZE YOUR DATA
BACKUP YOUR DATA
is system software that helps to maintain the proper and smooth functioning Computer System. It assists the Operating System to manage, organize, maintain,and optimize the functioning of the computer system
Utility Software
performs certain tasks like virus detection, installation,and uninstallation,data backup,deletion of unwanted files,etc.
Utility
Types of Utility Software
Anti-Virus
File management system
Compression Tools
Disk Management Tools
Disk Cleanup Tool
Disk Defragmenter
Backup Utility
utility software that helps keep the computer virus-free.
Anti-Virus
utility software is used to manage files of the computer system. This utility software helps to browse, search, arrange,find information,and quickly preview the files of the system.
File management system
An important part of a computer is storage space,it is very important to maintain this storage.Therefore,we use certain utility software to compress big files and decrease their size. In Addition,we can easily decompress the file and get the original fileback.
Compression Tools
These utility software are used to manage data on disks. They perform functions like partitioning, devices,manage drives,etc.
Disk Management Tools
This utility software helps to free up the diskspace.In Addition,the files which are no longer user removed from disk.
Disk Cleanup Tool
This utility software helps to reduce the fragmentation and hence,reduces the access speed.Defragmenting refers to rearranging files and storing them in contiguous memory locations.
Disk Defragmenter
This utility software helps to backup the files,folders,databases,or complete disks.BACKUP refers to duplicating the disk information so that the data can be restored if any data loss happens.
Backup Utility
is an injury or disorder of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments and joints.
A repetitive strain injury(RSI)
occurs when the computer consumes someone’s entire social life.Computer Addiction is a growing health problem.
Computer addiction
raw facts, events, numbers and transactions, which have been collected, recorded, stored but are not yet processed.
data
processed data. It is obtained after subjecting data to a series of processing operations which convert related groups of data (raw facts) into a meaningful and coherent form.
INFORMATION
These are the information needed for establishing standard norms and specifications in an organization. This is used in strategic, tactical, and operation planning of such information are time standards, design standards.
PLANNING INFORMATION
This information is needed for establishing control over all business activities through feedback mechanisms. This information is used for controlling attainment, nature and utilization of important processes in a system. When such information reflects a deviation from the established standards, the system should induce a decision or an action leading to control.
CONTROL INFORMATION
Knowledge is defined as “information about information”. Knowledge information is acquired through experience and learning, and collected from archival data and research studies.
KNOWLEDGE INFORMATION
deals with an organization’s environment, culture in the light of its objectives. Karl Weick’s _________ Theory emphasizes that an organization reduces its equivocality or uncertainty by collecting, managing and using this information prudently. This information is used by everybody in the organization; examples of such information are employee and payroll information.
ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION
This is operation specific information. This information is mostly internal to the organization.
FUNCTIONAL/OPERATIONAL INFORMATION
construes large quantities of information that has multiple usage and application.
DATABASE INFORMATION
concerned with long term policy decisions that defines the objectives of a business and checks how well these objectives are met. For example, acquiring a new plant, a new product, diversification of business etc, comes under strategic information.
STRATEGIC INFORMATION
concerned with the information needed for exercising control over business resources, like budgeting, quality control, service level, inventory level, productivity level etc.
TACTICAL INFORMATION
concerned with plant/business level information and is used to ensure proper conduction of specific operational tasks as planned/intended. Various operator specific, machine specific and shift specific jobs for quality control checks come under this category.
OPERATIONAL INFORMATION
process used in information security to categorize data based on its level of sensitivity and importance.
Information Classification in Information Security
Information that is not sensitive and can be shared freely with anyone.
PUBLIC
information that is sensitive but not critical, and should only be shared within the organization.
INTERNAL
Information that is sensitive and requires protection, and should only be shared with authorized individuals or groups.
CONFIDENTIAL
Information that is extremely sensitive and requires the highest level of protection, and should only be shared with a select group of authorized individuals.
SECRET
Information that if disclosed would cause exceptionally grave damage to the national security and access to this information is restricted to a very small number of authorized individuals with a need-to-know.
TOP SECRET
includes a process of labeling the information with the appropriate classification level and implementing access controls to ensure that only authorized individuals can access the information.
Information classification
information that is protected as confidential by all entities included or impacted by the information. The highest level of security measures should be applied to such data.
CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
information that has restricted access as per law or regulation.
CLASSIFIED INFORMATION
information that is available to most but not all employees.
RESTRICTED INFORMATION
information that is accessible by all employees
INTERNAL INFORMATION
information that everyone within and outside the organization can accessorize information on the basis of different organizations and different parameters.
PUBLIC INFORMATION
Information Processing,as the name suggests, is about processing information in a manner that is noticeable to the observer.
Information Processing
CHARACTERISTICS OF VALUABLE INFORMATION
Accurate
Complete
Economical
Flexible
Reliable
Relevant
Simple
Timeliness
Verifiable
Accessible
Secure
information is error free
Accurate
contains all important information or facts to make clear decision
Complete
nakukuha ang info. sa paraang d magastos ( overhead)
Economical
info. that can be used for a variety of purposes
Flexible
describe the correctness of the information
Reliable
relevance of information is determined based on the usefulness of information with respect to the decision making process.
Relevant
simplicity in the representation of information is also a very useful feature
Simple
decisions should be made at the right time to achieve effectiveness.
Timeliness
confirm the reliability of the information about its correctness (validate).
Verifiable
easy to access or retrieved
Accessible
alue of information could be lost due to issues such as unauthorized user access or intentionally damaging its existence.
secure
CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMATION PROCESSING
Accurate
Timely
Complete
Comprehensive
If the information is accurate, it will have a direct impact on the decision-making process. Hence it is essential to remove any possibility of errors.
Accurate
The information must be available as per the need of the hour because a delay in obtaining it can make the information useless.
Timely
Information has no meaning until and unless it is finished because incomplete data and information can lead to incorrect results.
CompletE
useful, and if it is not so then it is considered useless for the receiver and thus has no real meaning and worth.
Comprehensive
a digital electronic machine
Computer based Operations
process of labeling the information with the appropriate classification level.
Information classificatioN
sequence of tasks that processes a set of data through a specific path from initiation to completion.
Workflow
sequence of actions that are required to perform a specific information management task. Business logic that governs how we progress between constituent actions.
Information Management Workflow
provides a graphic overview of the business process.
Workflow Diagram
