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Philosophy And Ethics > Good And Evil > Flashcards

Good And Evil Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term moral refer to?

A

What is considered right and wrong

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2
Q

What is morality concerned with?

A

It’s concerned with the principles that are held by society, community or group of people that are considered to be good or bad

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3
Q

What’s ethics?

A

The study is what is morally right or wrong

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4
Q

What’s absolute morality?

A

When a rule or set of rules are applied apsoloutly and categorically to every situation or moral decision

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5
Q

Two examples of apsoloute morality

A

-Human rights declaration
- 10 commandments

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6
Q

What’s relative morality?

A

When a set of rule or set of rules change according to the situation that is being judged

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7
Q

Name two examples of relative morality

A

-stealing to avoid starvation
-lie to prevent someone’s feelings being hurt or something bad happening

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8
Q

Using rule of law for ethical judgements:

A

Applying the rule of law issues by the legal, ruling authorities of a country

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9
Q

Whats situation ethics?

A

Applying the ‘law of love’ in all situations, doing the most loving thing

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10
Q

What’s utilitarianism?

A

Taking the course of action that brings the most happiness to the most amount of people

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11
Q

What’s a religious way of making ‘ethical’ decisions?

A

Following religious teachings from religious texts or from religious leaders such as the pope

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12
Q

How can you apply the idea of ‘Natural Law’?

A

By using your intelligence to look at the natural order of things and to be guided by what is natural

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13
Q

Example of natural law;

A

-to kill in self-defence
-the natural purpose of sex is to have children

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14
Q

Who had the idea of natural law?

A

Thomas Aquinas

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15
Q

What’s a conscience from a non-religious perspective?

A

An inner voice that helps people make moral decisions- what makes people feel guilty about something

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16
Q

What’s a conscience from a religious perspective?

A

The voice of god that speaks to the human heart, if they listen to gods voice, it will prompt them into making good decisions (doesn’t tell them what to do)

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17
Q

What is sin?

A

An action that goes against god, or what god wants

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18
Q

What’s a virtue?

A

A characteristic or feature of human nature and or behaviour that leads to good consequences

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19
Q

Name 3 virtues

A
  • patience
    -truthfulness
    -courage
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20
Q

What are the two types of evil?

A

Moral and natural evil

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21
Q

What’s moral evil?

A

A result of humans making the wrong choices, it causes suffering

22
Q

What are natural evils?

A

Acts of nature that cause problems for the world

23
Q

Give 3 examples of natural evils

A
  • floods
    -volcanic eruptions
    -diseases + illness
24
Q

Whats the problem of gods goodness and power called?

A

The inconsistent triad

25
Q

Which philosopher thinks the idea of the inconsistent triad proves god doesn’t exist?

A

David Hume

26
Q

What do Christians believe are attributes of god?

A

Omnipotent, omniscient, omni-benevolent, omnipresent

27
Q

What’s a theodicy?

A

Explanation of why a perfectly good, almighty and all knowing god permits evil

28
Q

Name two ideas covered in saint Augustines theodicy

A

-evil doesn’t actually exist
-lack of goodness

29
Q

What’s saint irenaeus’ theodicy?

A

-created humanity in ‘his own divine image’ not ‘his own divine likeness-therefore god didn’t create people perfect
-Vale of soul making: use free will to eventually become perfect
-world was made perfect but perfect for human development

30
Q

Who reformed Saint Irenaeus’ theodicy?

A

John Hick

31
Q

What’s the definition of a crime?

A

Any action that breaks the law and is therefore an act that is punishable by law

32
Q

Are all sins crimes?

A

No, but many sins are punishable by law in many countries

Eg. Adultery

33
Q

Name 3 reasons why someone might commit a crime?

A

-mental health issues, drugs and alcohol addictions
-poverty
-peer pressure
-poor parenting, abuse in the home/broken homes
-poor education, poor job prospects
-violence and crime in the media

34
Q

What is ment by ‘punishment’

A

It’s for someone who has committed an offence or crime and for them to makeup for their wrongdoing or pay a penalty for what they have done

35
Q

Why is punishment necessary?

A

For the greater good of society

36
Q

What’s the utilitarian view on punishment?

A

That it’s necessary to ensure the freatest ammount of people (the general public) is able to have happiness, benefit, advantage.

-criminals should suffer as they are the minority

37
Q

Name the 6 aims of punishment

A

-reformation
-deterrence
-protection
-vindication
-restorative
-retribution

38
Q

What does the term ‘justice’ mean

A

Fairness, when justice is done, things are fair

39
Q

Describe the Christian belief on the treatment of prisoners

A

-all humans are made in gods divine image and are worthy of dignity and respect and dignified treatment

40
Q

What’s ment by forgiveness?

A

Forgiveness means different things to different people. But in general, it involves an intentional decision to let go of resentment and anger. The act that hurt or offended you might always be with you. But working on forgiveness can lessen that act’s grip on you.

41
Q

Is forgiveness always possible?

A

Not always, sometimes the offences or crimes as so terrible and the hurt it produces is so deep that it would almost require a superhuman to forgive this involved

42
Q

Name 3 problems in the GB prison system

A

-overcrowding, lack of funding + availability for specialist services

43
Q

Two parables that are related to prisons

A

-Sheep + goats
- Adulterous woman

44
Q

What’s a prison chaplains job?

A

To provide personal care for prisoners, counselling to inmates supporting them through their rehabilitation and seeing to their spiritual needs

45
Q

3 arguments for capital punishment

A

-terrible crimes = terrible punishment (fair)
-deterrent
-ensures murders don’t strike again
-ultimate punishment; murder isn’t tolerable
-cheaper
-more humane

46
Q

3 arguments against the death penalty

A

-two wrongs don’t make a right
-statistics show the death penalty doesn’t work as a deterrent- spur of moment
-makes occur
-chance to reform needed

47
Q

What do Roman Catholics think about capital punishment?

A

It’s acceptable but only in very grave and rare cases where any other punishment can’t protect society

48
Q

Wheat do some Christian’s think about the death penalty?- Old Testament

A

That it’s acceptable (same as catholic viewpoint) ‘eye for an eye, tooth for tooth’, old estimate

49
Q

What do humanists think about the death penalty?

A

Predetermined Killing is always wrong, forgiveness is crucial

50
Q

What do Quaker Christian’s think about the death penalty?

A

Punishments should be used to reform

Philosophy And Ethics (2 decks)

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