goniometry\

Question 1

Shoulder Flexion

Answer 1

Sagittal plane around coronal axis
POSITION- supine, arm by side on table
AXIS- head of humerus in glenoid fossa
PROXIMAL ARM- mid-axillary line to hip, greater trochanter
DISTAL ARM- mid-line of humerus, lateral epicondyle as a reference
NORMAL R.O.M.- 180º

Question 2

Shoulder Extension

Answer 2

Sagittal plane around coronal axis
POSITION- prone, arm on table, palm up, elbow straight
AXIS- head of humerus in glenoid fossa
PROXIMAL ARM- mid-axillary line to hip, greater trochanter
DISTAL ARM- mid-line of humerus, lateral epicondyle as a reference
NORMAL R.O.M.- 60º

Question 3

Shoulder ABduction

Answer 3

Frontal plane around A-P axis
POSITION- supine, forearm supinated, Palm toward ceiling
AXIS- acromion process, A to P
PROXIMAL ARM- parallel to sternum, lateral thorax area
DISTAL ARM- midline of the humerus, medial epicondyle as a reference
NORMAL R.O.M.- 180º

Question 4

Shoulder Adduction

Answer 4

– Red Scale
Frontal plane around A-P axis
POSITION- supine, shoulder flexed to 90º, palm to opposite shoulder
AXIS- acromion process, S to I
PROXIMAL ARM- parallel to table pointing away from head, acromion as reference
DISTAL ARM- anterior mid-humeral line
NORMAL R.O.M.- 50º

Question 5

Shoulder – Internal Rotation

Answer 5

Transverse plane around longitudinal axis
POSITION- supine, shoulders abducted 90º, elbow flexed 90º, palm toward feet
AXIS- olecranon process, sight a line through the shaft of the humerus
PROXIMAL ARM- perpendicular to the table toward floor
DISTAL ARM- midline of forearm to ulnar styloid
NORMAL R.O.M.- 70º

Question 6

Shoulder – External Rotation

Answer 6

Transverse plane around the longitudinal axis
POSITION- supine, shoulder abducted 90º, elbow flexed 90º, palm toward feet
AXIS- Olecranon process sight a line through humerus
PROXIMAL ARM- Perpendicular to the table toward floor
DISTAL ARM- midline of forearm to ulnar styloid
NORMAL R.O.M.- 90º

Question 7

Elbow (Humeral Ulnar Joint) Flexion

Answer 7

Sagittal plane around the coronal axis
POSITION- supine, forearm supinated.
AXIS- lateral epicondyle
PROXIMAL ARM- mid-line lateral humerus, humeral head as reference
DISTAL ARM- mid-line lateral forearm, radial styloid as reference
NORMAL R.O.M.- 150º

Question 8

Elbow (Humeral Ulnar Joint) - Extension

Answer 8

Sagittal plane around coronal axis
POSITION- supine, forearm supinated (raise humerus off table to visualize)
AXIS- lateral epicondyle
PROXIMAL ARM- mid-line lateral humerus, humeral head as reference
DISTAL ARM- mid-line lateral forearm, radial styloid as reference
NORMAL R.O.M.- 0º

Question 9

WRIST (Radial Carpal Joint)Flexion

Answer 9

Sagittal plane around coronal axis
POSITION- supine, elbow flexed 90º, palm toward feet
AXIS- medial wrist through pisiform
PROXIMAL ARM- medial mid-line of forearm, olecranon process as reference
DISTAL ARM- medial hand, fifth MCP joint as reference
NORMAL R.O.M.- 80º

Question 10

WRIST (Radial Carpal Joint)Extension

Answer 10

Sagittal plane around coronal axis
POSITION- supine, elbow flexed 90º, palm towards feet
AXIS- medial wrist through pisiform
PROXIMAL ARM- medial mid-line of forearm using olecranon process as reference
DISTAL ARM- medial hand, fifth MCP joint as reference
NORMAL R.O.M.- 70º

Question 11

WRIST (Radial Carpal Joint)Radial Deviation

Answer 11

Frontal plane around A-P axis
POSITION- supine, elbow flexed to 90º, palm to mid-line of body
AXIS- mid-line of wrist near capitate
PROXIMAL ARM- mid-line of posterior forearm
DISTAL ARM- mid-line of dorsum hand, third MCP joint as reference
NORMAL R.O.M.-20º

Question 12

WRIST (Radial Carpal Joint)Ulnar Deviation

Answer 12

Frontal plane around the A-P axis
POSITION- supine, elbow flexed 90º, palm to mid-line of body
AXIS- mid-line of wrist near capitate
PROXIMAL ARM- mid-line of posterior forearm
DISTAL ARM- mid-line dorsum hand, third MCP joint as reference
NORMAL R.O.M.- 30º

Question 13

HIP JOINT: ILIOFEMORAL JOINTFlexion

Answer 13

Sagittal plane around a coronal axis
POSITION – supine, knee starts in extension but is flexed as hip flexes – looks like Thomas Orthopedic Test
AXIS – lateral hip joint, greater trochanter as reference
PROXIMAL ARM – parallel to lateral mid-line of body toward axilla
DISTAL ARM – parallel to lateral mid-line of femur, lateral condyle as reference
NORMAL R.O.M. – 120º

Question 14

HIP JOINT: ILIOFEMORAL JOINTExtension

Answer 14

Sagittal plane around a coronal axis
POSITION – prone, knee extended
AXIS – lateral hip joint, greater trochanter as reference
PROXIMAL ARM – parallel to lateral mid-line of body toward axilla
DISTAL ARM – parallel to lateral mid-line of femur, lateral condyle as reference
NORMAL R.O.M. – 30º

Question 15

HIP JOINT: ILIOFEMORAL JOINTAbduction

Answer 15

– red scale
Frontal plane around A-P axis
POSITION - supine
AXIS – over ASIS on side being tested
PROXIMAL ARM – aligned from ASIS to ASIS (patient holds instrument)
DISTAL ARM – anterior mid-line of femur, patella as reference
NORMAL R.O.M. – 45º

Question 16

HIP JOINT: ILIOFEMORAL JOINTAdduction

Answer 16

– red scale
Frontal plane around A-P axis
POSITION – supine, opposite leg over side of table doctor stands there for stability
AXIS – over ASIS on side being tested
PROXIMAL ARM – aligned from ASIS to ASIS (patient holds instrument)
DISTAL ARM – anterior mid-line of femur, patella as reference
NORMAL R.O.M.- 30º

Question 17

HIP JOINT: ILIOFEMORAL JOINTExternal Rotation

Answer 17

(leg goes IN!)
Transverse plane around longitudinal axis
POSITION – supine with hip and knee flexed 90º
AXIS- center of anterior patella
PROXIMAL ARM – parallel to side of table and floor toward head of table
DISTAL ARM – mid-line anterior leg, tibial crest as reference
NORMAL R.O.M. – 45º

Question 18

HIP JOINT: ILIOFEMORAL JOINTInternal Rotation

Answer 18

(leg goes OUT!)
Transverse plane around longitudinal axis
POSITION – supine with hip and knee flexed 90º
AXIS – center of anterior patella
PROXIMAL ARM – parallel to the side of table and floor toward head of table
DISTAL ARM – mid-line of anterior leg, tibial crest, as reference
NORMAL R.O.M. – 45º

Question 19

KNEE - TIBIOFEMORAL JOINTFLEXION

Answer 19

Sagittal plane around coronal axis
POSITION – prone, knee extended
AXIS – lateral condyle of femur
PROXIMAL ARM – lateral mid-line of femur, greater trochanter as reference
DISTAL ARM – lateral mid-line of leg, lateral malleolus as reference
NORMAL R.O.M. – 135º

Question 20

KNEE - TIBIOFEMORAL JOINTEXTENSION

Answer 20

Sagittal plane around the coronal axis
POSITION – supine, knee extended
AXIS – lateral condyle of femur
PROXIMAL ARM – lateral mid-line of femur, greater trochanter as reference
DISTAL ARM – lateral mid-line of leg, lateral malleolus as reference
NORMAL R.O.M. – 0º

Question 21

ANKLE: TIBIOTALAR JOINTPlantar Flexion

Answer 21

red scale
Sagittal plane around coronal axis
POSITION – prone, knee at 90º, start with foot at 90º (neutral position)
AXIS – lateral malleolus
PROXIMAL ARM – lateral mid-line of the leg, fibular head as reference
DISTAL ARM – parallel to lateral aspect of fifth metatarsal
NORMAL R.O.M. – 50º

Question 22

ANKLE: TIBIOTALAR JOINTDorsiflexion

Answer 22

– red scale
Sagittal plane around coronal axis
POSITION – prone, knee at 90º, start with foot at 90º (neutral position)
AXIS –lateral malleolus
PROXIMAL ARM – lateral mid-line of leg, fibula head as a reference
DISTAL ARM – parallel to lateral aspect of fifth metatarsal
NORMAL R.O.M. – 20º

Question 23

ANKLE: TIBIOTALAR JOINTSubtalar Inversion

Answer 23

Frontal plane around A-P axis
POSITION – prone, knee extended, feet off table
AXIS – between lateral and medial malleolus at mid-calcaneal bone
PROXIMAL ARM – mid-line of tibia, gastrocnemius
DISTAL ARM – mid-line of calcaneal bone

Question 24

ANKLE: TIBIOTALAR JOINTSubtalar Eversion

Answer 24

Frontal plane around A-P axis
POSITION – prone, knee extended, feet off table
AXIS – between lateral and medial malleolus at mid-calcaneal bone
PROXIMAL ARM – mid-line of tibia, gastrocnemius
DISTAL ARM – mid-line of calcaneal bone
NORMAL R.O.M. – 5º