Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PCL469 > Gonadal hormones > Flashcards

Gonadal hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Average age of menarche

A

12.43 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Average age of menopause

A

45 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How long do mentrual cycles last overall?

A

32 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

GnRH name

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

GNRH number of amino acids?

A

decapeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Receptor of GNRH, what is stimulated, cascade

A

GPCR - Gq/11-PLC/DAG+IP3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Function of GnRH

A

Stimulates release of
LH- lutenizing hormone
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
both from anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Inhibin

A

Inhibin A alpha+ betaa or Inhibin B alpha+ beta-b
produced by granulosa cells
function: inhibit FSH release - inhibit double ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is GnRH released?

A

In a pulsatile manner, if want ovulation: higher pulsatile frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Theca cells function pathway

A

Has LH receptors
LH binds
cAMP
PKA
Converts cholesterol –> androstenedione

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Subsequent granulosa cell pathway

A

Has FSH receptors
FSH stimulates FSHr –> cAMP –> PKA
activates aromatase
Aromatase converts androstenedione –> estrone
17HSD 1 converts to estradiol
17HSD 2 converts estradiol back into estrone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

AMH

A

anti-muellerian hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

GNRH signalling

A

Binds to GNRH receptor– GPCR
PLC pathway
PIP2 –> DAG + IP3
DAG –> PKC direct LH FSH gene expression + secretion
PKC –> Raf –> MEK –> ERK –> PLA2–> LH FSH gene expression and secretion
IP3 –> ER –> Increased Ca++–> will activate PKC and downstream effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are GnRH receptors?

A

in pituitary bc GnRH released from hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

LH FSH hCG what is similar
amino acids
other similar

A

alpha subunit
92 aa
TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

LH FSH hCG what is different amino acid #

A

beta subunit unique
FSH - 111aa
LH - 120aa
hCG- 144aa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

half lives hours
LH
FSH
hCG

A

FSH 3-4
LH 20
hCG 24

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where is hCG from

A

placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

function and receptors of FSH

A

stimulate growth and recruitment of immature follicles
receptors GPCRs Gs (Gq, Gi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

promiscuous receptors prinicple

A

if low concentration, will bind to main receptor
if high, will bind to various G proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

LH functions

A

Triggers ovulation
maintains corpus luteus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

LH receptors and what they bind

A

Receptor - GPCR Gs (Gq)
binds LH and hCG
Ana301 says that you can stimulate ovulation with hCG as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pharma types of gonadotropins

A

Long-acting GnRH agonists
GnRH agonists
GnRH antagonist
Synthetic progestins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Long-acting GnRH agonist

A

Lutrepulse, Zoladex
against amenorrhea – inducing ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

GnRH agonist

A

Lupron
inhibit estrogen production - shrink fibroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

GnRH antagonists

A

For fertility treatment
Ganirelix Cetrolerix
Prevent premature ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Synthetic progestins

A

For fertility treatment
DHEA Fertinorm
hCG - pregnyl
increase testosterone production–> aromatase –> estrone…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Classical ER signalling

A

receptor in cell
bind estrogen
hetero homodimerization
in nucleus
estrogen response element
altered transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Estrogen effects

A

Growth
Reproduction
Bone
Cardio-vascular (heart and vessels)
Gonadotropin regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

is classical ER pathway only?

A

no
estrogen activates GPCR and other kinase pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ER alpha vs beta

A

ER alpha: breast, ovary, endometrium, bone
ER beta: bone, endothelium, brain, heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Progesterone functions

A

Uterine development
Gonadotropin negative feedback
Suppresses ovulation
Thermogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where are progesterone receptors expressed?
Not cv system, that’s estrogens job

A

Brain, uterus, ovary, mammaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Pharma uses of estrogens and progestins

A

Female maturation, primary hypogonadism

Fertility control: Oral contraceptives

Menopause: Hormone replacement

Menstrual disorders: amenorrhea- no menses; dysmenorrhea - irregular menses; dysfunctional menstrual bleeding

Endometriosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Goal of oral contraceptives

A

Prevent ovulation
inhibit LH surge
inhibit development of endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Contraceptive =

A

Estrogen + progestins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Mechanism of estrogen in contracep

A

Sensitize hypothalamus and pituitary to progestin
Maintains sex characteristics

38
Q

Mechanism of progestin in contracep

A

Negative feedback FSH LH
Inhibit ovulation
Prevent implantation
Thickening of cervical mucus prevent motility of sperm

39
Q

Course of oral contraceptives

A

Estrogen + Presestin 21 days on + 7 days off
menses are 3 days after being off

40
Q

Three formulations of oral contraceptives

A

Monophasic - all 21 pills - same amt of estrogen+ progesterone
Biphasic - 2 different amounts of estrogen(ethinyl estradiol) and progestin - norethindrone
Triphasic- 3 different amt estrogen and progestin - d-norgestrel

41
Q

the estrogen used in formulation

A

ethinyl estradiol

42
Q

progestins in biphasic and triphasic

A

biphasic - norethindrone
triphasic - d-norgestrel

43
Q

Advantage of multi-formulation

A

Resemble physiology
optimal suppression of gonadotropins
best endometrial support
limited steroid exposure

44
Q

Benefits of birth control

A

> 98 effective birth control
against:
menstrual disorders
iron deficiency, anemia
benign breast disease
ovarian cysts or cancer
chance of endometrial carcinoma
osteoporosis
colon cancer

45
Q

Adverse effects of birth control

A

Lower:
glucose tolerance
lipid metabolism
Higher:
Stroke risk
DVT - thrombosis on flight
Nausea edema
Headache, migrane
Hypertension
Liver disease risk

46
Q

Therapeutic amenorrhea

A

365 day contraception menstrual supression
Lybrel, Seasonale

47
Q

Mode of administration
Lybrel Seasonale

A

Oral combined, sometimes only progestin / daily
Combined transdermal/weekly
Vaginal rings - monthly
SQ depot medroxy progesterone acetate / 12 weeks

48
Q

Side effects Lybrel/seasonale

A

Spontaneous breakthrough bleeding in early use

49
Q

Another side effect in lybrel or seasonale

A

Thromboembolic disease
3 fold increased risk
due to estrogen concentration
Should not take after 35 years age
smoking increases risk

50
Q

Emergency contraception and chemical abortion

A

Plan B - Levonorgestrel
Ulipristal - Ella
RU - 486 Mifepristone

51
Q

Levonorgestrel

A

Plan B
OTC in Canada
Within 72 hr
80% effective
Inhibits ovulation, fertilization

52
Q

Ulipristal

A

Ella
Progesterone antagonist/partial agonist
Delays ovulation
Antagonist at endometrium
emergencies within 5 days

53
Q

RU 486

A

Mifepristone
Within month-2
Terminate pregnancy
Progesterone antagonist Mioprostol (prostaglandin) administered 48 hr later

54
Q

What happens in menopause and what are risks?

A

Estrogen levels decrease
High FSH LH circulation
some peripheral conversion of adrenal androgens
Medical risks:
Bone loss
CVD
Alzheimer’s

55
Q

When and for what was HRT used for women

A

Used for over 20 years to prevent heart disease and osteoporosis in post-menopausal women

56
Q

why was HRT for menopausal women discontinued?

A

Study with Premarin with and without Provera (progestin)
Heart disease
Breast cancer
Clots strokes
but:
lower colon cancer
lower hip fractures

57
Q

Safer HRT administration

A

Use <5 years after menopause
Lower premarin dose safer

58
Q

What happens when safer administration

A

Decreased menopausal symptoms 90%
Decreased mortality
No increase in heart disease
No increase in breast cancer

59
Q

Typical menopause symptoms

A

Hot flashes
Vaginal atrophy
Bladder overactive

60
Q

HRT Contraindications absolute

A

Thromboembolytic disease
CVD
Estrogen-dependent cancer
Liver disorder
Uterine bleeding
Pregnancy
Migrane

61
Q

HRT contraindications relative

A

Hypertension
Gestational diabetes
Elective surgery

62
Q

3 estrogen drugs
As hrt

A

17 beta estradiol
Premarin
17-alpha alkyl estrogen

63
Q

17 beta estradiol
Administration

A

patch tablets creams

64
Q

Premarin

A

from mare urine
Tablets creams

65
Q

17 alpha-alkyl estrogen

A

Tablets oral contraceptives

66
Q

3 Progestins

A

Medroxyprogesterone acetate - Provera also used in seasonale
17-alpha-alkyl-19 nor testosterones
Drospirenone

67
Q

Medroxyprogesterone acetate - Provera
administration
when to use

A

3 oxo delta 4 progesterone derivative
Injectable depot
Endometriosis
HRT

68
Q

17 alpha alkyl testosterones

A

Norethindrone
Norgestrel
Desogestrel
oral contraceptives

69
Q

Drospirenone

A

Yazmin - Yaz - oral contraceptives
Anti-mineralocorticoid activity
thromboembolism risk increase

70
Q

Which drugs decrease efficacy of steroids

A

Anticonvulsants
Antibiotics
Sedatives

71
Q

Steroids affect efficacy of which drugs?

A

Antidiabetic drugs - decreased glucose tolerance
Caffeine/theophylline/corticosteroids/ beta blockers

72
Q

Antiestrogens

A

Stilbenes
Tamoxifen

73
Q

Stilbenes

A

Trans conformation
Estrogen antagonist ERalpha

74
Q

Tamoxifen

A

mixed agonist antagonist
Antagonist in breast cancer
Retains uterine, bone and serum lipids

75
Q

Tamoxifen and metabolism

A

endoxifen 100x more potent
produced via CYP3A4 and CYP2D6
and in other order

76
Q

Contraindications for tamoxifen

A

CYP2D6 poor metabolizer 7-10%
SSRIs inhibit CYP2D6 (Paroxetine/Paxil - hot flashes, depression)

77
Q

What is tamoxifen replaced with

A

Aromatase inhibitors

78
Q

Aromatase conversion

A

Testosterone –> Estradiol
Andostenedione –> Estrone
Estrone converts to Estradiol without Aromatase

79
Q

Non steroidal aromatase inhibitors

A

Anastrazole (Arimidex)
Letrozole (Femera)
Competitive

80
Q

Steroidal aromatase inhibitors

A

Examestane (Aromasin)
Non-competitive

81
Q

How aromatase inhibit used
How long used

A

As adjuvant therapy
5 years max

82
Q

Side effects of aromatase inhibitors

A

Hot flashes
bone
lipids
arthralgia - joint swelling

83
Q

Bioactive metabolites of testosterone +enzyme

A

Aromatase –> Estradiol - bone protection in males
5alpha reductase –> Dehydroxytestosterone

84
Q

DHT for?

A

External genitalia differentiation
hair growth at puberty
libido

85
Q

what is testosterone for

A

Wolffian duct development
libido
Erythropoiesis
Skeletal muscle mass/strength

86
Q

BPH

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

87
Q

Symptoms of BPH

A

Urinary frequency and urgency
Weak intermittent urine stream
Incomplete voiding of bladder

88
Q

BPH prevalence

A

20-50% of males 40-60 years old

89
Q

Causes of BPH

A

uncertain
DHT in prostate

90
Q

Pharma treatment of BPH

A

Aza-steroids
5alpha reductase inhibitors
Finasteride
Dutateride

91
Q

action and onset of BPH
Of 5 alpha reductase inhibitor

A

Slow onset 3-6 months
inhibit growth shrink gland

PCL469 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions