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KK RESPII Exam 1 > Gomez - Head and Neck Pathology > Flashcards

Gomez - Head and Neck Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are squamous papillomas of the nasal vestibule?

A

Essentially, warts

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2
Q

What are the three different subtypes of Schneiderian papillomas?

A

Exophytic

Inverted

Oncocytic

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3
Q

What are Schneiderian papillomas?

A

Benign neoplasms that are locally destructive

Found in sinonasal tract

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4
Q

Describe the exophytic papilloma

A

Septal, squamous, fungiform

Least aggressive

Rarely becomes invasive

Associated with HPV

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5
Q

Describe the inverted sinonasal papilloma

A

Rounded mass

On lateral wall of nasal cavity

Covered by mucosa

Projections of squamous epithelium growing inward

Can become aggressive

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6
Q

Describe the oncocytic papilloma

A

Occurs on lateral nasal wall

Originates from cylindrical or columnar epithelium

Abundant pink cytoplasm from lots of mitochondria

Not associated with HPV

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7
Q

What is an olfactory neuroblastoma?

A

Arises from neural tissue at roof of nose

Average age of onset around either 15 or 50 yrs

Often large and can cause obstruction

5 yr survival 40-90%

“Small blue cell tumor”

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8
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring?

A

Ring of lymphoid tissue around naso/oropharynx

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9
Q

What type of epithelium covers the palatine and lingual tonsils?

A

Squamous epithelium

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10
Q

What type of epithelium covers the adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil)?

A

Ciliated columnar respiratory epithelium

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11
Q

Hypertrophic adenoidal tissue can obstruct the internal auditory canal. What can this lead to?

A

Recurrent otitis media

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12
Q

What organism causes whooping cough?

A

Bordetella pertussis

Small Gram-negative coccobacillus

Spreads via droplets

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13
Q

What is Stage 1 of pertussis?

A

Catarrhal phase

Indistinguishable from URI (congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing)

Most infectious in this stage

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14
Q

What is Stage 2 of pertussis?

A

Paroxysmal phase

Characterized by paroxysms (violent attack) of intense coughing

Cough followed by a loud whoop upon inspiration

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15
Q

What is Stage 3 of pertussis?

A

Convalescent phase

Chronic cough may last for weeks

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16
Q

Describe the nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

A

Occurs in the upper pharynx

Occurs almost exclusively in young males, often redheads

Typically benign, but 10-20% can be locally aggressive, 9% fatal

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17
Q

What are the three subtypes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A

Keratinizing

Nonkeratinizing

Undifferentiated/basaloid

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18
Q

What is undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with?

A

Epstein-Barr virus

19
Q

What are the environmental associations of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A

Associated with certain food preservatives like nitrosamine

Associated with smoking (common tumor in Chineese adults)

20
Q

What is a NUT midline carcinoma?

A

Used to be called undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Mostly occur in mediastinum, but can be in head/neck

Associated with BDR4/BDR3-NUT fusion gene

Very aggressive tumor - median survival 7 months

21
Q

Describe the presentation of Group A Streptococcus

A

Common cause of pharyngitis in 5-15 yr olds

Incidence peaks in winter or early spring

Presents with ST+fever without cough

PE will show tender ant. cervical lymph nodes and enlarged, erythematous tonsils with patchy exudate

22
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum leads to which condition?

A

Can cause tonsillar abscesses, which can lead to thrombophlebitis of the jugular vein

23
Q

What is Lemierre syndrome?

A

Peritonsillar abscess with jugular vein thrombophlebitis

24
Q

Describe Corynebacterium diptheriae

A

Club-shaped Gram-positive rod

tox gene causes sloughing of epithelium, leading to formation of a pseudomembrane containing dead cells, inflammatory cells, and some bacteria

25
Q

What condition are rhinoviruses associated with?

A

Indirect pharyngitis

26
Q

What is pharyngoconjunctival fever caused by?

A

Adenoviruses

27
Q

What does Epstein-Barr virus cause?

A

Infectious mononucleosis

Detected by Monospot test

28
Q

What can acute laryngitis lead to in children?

A

laryngoepiglottitis

CAN BE LIFE THREATENING

29
Q

Describe the pathophys of croup

A

Caused by parainfluenza (paramyxovirus)

Results in a seal-like barking cough

30
Q

What is Reinke edema?

A

Edema and swelling of the mucosa overlying the vocal cords

31
Q

Describe vocal cord papillomas

A

Benign neoplasms of the true vocal folds

Usually single in adults, but can be recurrent

Often multiple in children

Caused by HPV types 6 and 11

32
Q

Describe squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx

A

Associated with heavy smoking (more so than other types of tobacco)

Often also an associaton with EtOH abuse

Typically present with prolonged hoarseness, sometimes can affect breathing

33
Q

What is the most common form of laryngeal carcinoma?

A

Glottic carcinoma

34
Q

What are the types of laryngeal carcinoma?

A

Glottic (most common, best survival)

Supraglottic (2nd most common, worse prognosis)

Subglottic

35
Q

What is “intrinsic” laryngeal carcinoma?

A

Cancer that is confined to larynx

36
Q

What is extrinsic laryngeal carcinoma?

A

Cancer that extends beyond the larynx

37
Q

Describe otitis externa

A

Marked tenderness upon gentle traction of pinna

Caused by traumatized ear canal or contaminated water (swimmer’s ear)

Can be bacterial in nature

Any neoplasms will be skin tumors

38
Q

What is a cholesteatoma?

A

Cyst lined by squamous epithelium found in the middle ear

Has lots of inflammation and keratin debris

Can cause local destruction of tissue, so they are typically resected

39
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

Calcification and fusion of the stapes footplate to the oval window

Leads to conductive hearing loss

Familial

40
Q

What does the thyroid gland arise from?

A

Base of the tongue

Foramen cecum formed during descent of thyroid gland

41
Q

Where can thyroglossal duct cysts be found?

A

Anywere along the midline of the neck along the course of thyroid gland descent

Will see thyroid follicles in these cysts

42
Q

What is a carotid body tumor?

A

Neuroendocrine parasympathetic tumor

Similar to pheochromocytoma

Most benign, but if infiltrative, 50% fatality rate

Can’t tell from histology which will be aggressive and which won’t, so treated as malignant

43
Q

What tumor syndromes are associated with carotid body tumors?

A

Familial forms

MEN types 2a & 2b

von Hippel-Lindau syndrome

Neurofibromatosis type 1

KK RESPII Exam 1 (9 decks)

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