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Psych 215 (social psych) > Goals > Flashcards

Goals Flashcards

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1
Q

What are goals?

A
  • Internal representations of desired states
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2
Q

How long do goals last?

A
  • from the moment to life long
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3
Q

Can single goals be understood in isolation?

A
  • no
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4
Q

What is goal initiation?

A
  • Express a desired identity
  • Instrumental rewards
  • Influenced by others (explicitly and implicitly)
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5
Q

How are goals influenced by others?

A
  • Presence or thoughts of significant other automatically activates goals associated with sig other
  • goal contagion
  • role models
  • resist controlling others
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6
Q

What is an impulse?

A
  • specific
  • reflexive, quick, automatic
  • strong incentive value (hedonic)
  • immediate short term gratification
  • elicits behavior- sometimes implicitly
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7
Q

When are impulses adaptive?

A
  • live only for today
  • live only for oneself
  • lack long term goals
  • lack interpersonal goals
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8
Q

How do we manage goals?

A
  • self control
  • form of self regulation
  • willpower
  • Manage choice dilemma between small immediate reward and long term goal
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9
Q

What is the delay of gratification paradigm?

A
  • marshmallow experiment
  • how long you can resist temptation
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10
Q

What does the marshmallow experiment predict?

A
  • Educational achievement
  • Body Mass Index
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11
Q

What does the marshmallow experiment maybe predict?

A
  • social and emotional adjustment in adolescence
  • coping with stress
  • less substance abuse
  • buffer against borderline, teen externalizing and internalizing behavior
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12
Q

How do we delay gratification?

A
  • attentional focus: self distraction (focus on shape more than taste)
  • representations of the temptation (think of as cloud or cotton ball - cooler perspective)
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13
Q

What is self control?

A
  • reflective, deliberate, consider
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14
Q

What is desire?

A
  • Affectively charged motivation toward a specific object or person or activity associated with pleasure or relief from displeasure
  • wanting
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15
Q

When is a desire a temptation?

A
  • when acting on the desire will conflict with goals
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16
Q

What is the expectancy value theory?

A
  • need
  • incentive value
  • probability of motive satisfaction (successfully executed and will satisfy need)
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17
Q

Does automatic affect trigger impulsive, behavior?

A
  • yes
18
Q

When do we go for impulsive behaviour?

A
  • If desired object immediately available and processing resources low
19
Q

What might lower processing resources?

A
  • Having just engaged in self regulation/control
  • Cognitively busy (dealing with a lot or something complex)
  • Death thoughts
  • Alcohol
  • Working memory capacity low
  • Self affirmation low
20
Q

What are interpersonal influences on goal pursuit?

A
  • High maintenance interactions can reduce self control resources
21
Q

What are high maintenance interactions?

A
  • Inter-racial interactions
  • Other person is not mimicking you
  • Trying to empathize with someone non responsive to your efforts
22
Q

What happens when we try to suppress thoughts about the temptation?

A
  • Ruminate about desires
  • Generate more thoughts supporting and justifying indulgence
  • Suppression rebound effects: pressure builds up and explodes
  • suppression does not work
23
Q

How do we face temptation?

A
  • Need to identify that there is a self control conflict
  • Need a successful self control strategy to ward off temptation
24
Q

What happens if you don’t identify self control conflict?

A
  • indulge
25
Q

What would encourage you to induge?

A
  • frame temptation as single opportunity
  • calendar with grids
26
Q

What would encourage you to identify a self control conflict?

A
  • frame temptation in relation to future opportunities
  • calendar without grids
27
Q

Which signifies a goal conflict: healthy and unhealthy snacks in one bowl or separate bowls?

A
  • separate bowls
  • see as two different things
28
Q

How do we resolve a goal conflict?

A
  • Distance from temptation (physically fat away)
  • Pre commitment
  • Devalue temptation
  • Temptations abstract and cool (decrease positive emotion) and goal concrete and hot
29
Q

What are proactive self control strategies?

A
  • select situations less tempting
  • modify situations
  • appraise the temptation as less tempting
  • willful resistance in the moment (harder to do)
30
Q

What is the illusion of restraint?

A
  • In “cold” states, we underestimate the influence of hot, impulsive states
  • Students overestimate their ability to overcome fatigue in studying instead of planning a balanced study schedule
31
Q

When do we make better decisions about the future?

A
  • when we are in the state already
  • when in a state of fatigue (when planning studying)
  • when hungry (in deciding if hunger is easy to overcome)
32
Q

When does crime usually happen?

A
  • Most robberies: short term and limited benefit
  • Interpersonal violence typically late at night
  • Sleep deprivation
  • Hot temperature
33
Q

What is the experimental test of self control and aggression?

A
  • Resist eating a donut vs a radish
  • Receive an insulting evaluation from confederate
  • Decide how much hot sauce to give the confederate
  • give confederate more hot sauce when resisting donut because using self control a lot to resist, therefore it is low and become more aggressive
34
Q

What is more common, violent urges or violent acts?

A
  • Violent urges much more common than violent acts
35
Q

What is the Safe Dates Physical Violence Scale?

A
  • How frequently you initiated 16 violent behaviors during an argument, excluding self defense
36
Q

Who is more likely to engage in intimate partner violence?

A
  • Low trait self control
  • Low relationship commitment
  • Responding quickly to a situation
37
Q

How does ego depletion relate to intimate partner violence?

A
  • when receiving nasty feedback from partner and therefore less money
  • male partner hold uncomfortable yoga poses for longer
38
Q

How do we achieve goals?

A
  • planning
  • implementation intentions (thinking ahead: when, where, how)
  • practice becomes habits
  • interpersonal influences
39
Q

What happens when an academic goal is primed?

A
  • trigger thoughts of closeness to person who supports our academic goals
  • do better on exams weeks later
40
Q

Why do we engage in self control?

A
  • to override temptations and to achieve long term goals

Psych 215 (social psych) (26 decks)

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