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Used to determine material thickness or the depth of a discontinuity below the material surface. These transducers transmit the sound into the part perpendicular to the surface of the part
Longitudinal waves (or straight beam transducers)
In repairing cracks in a weld, remove the crack and sound weld metal how far beyond each end of the crack
2”
Lying across, as side to side when compared to the rolling direction of metal
Transverse
This position will provide full coverage for all pipe positions and configurations
6GR
A term referring to metals that are primarily iron-based such as steels
Ferrous
In penetrant testing, the penetrant remaining on the surface after a portion of it has been drawn into the discontinuity by capillary action
Excess penetrant
The technical society which provides technical guidance for NDE
American Society of Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)
The leg lengths of the largest right triangle that can be inscribed within the fillet weld cross section
Unequal leg fillet welds
A heat treatment designed to place metal in its softest, lowest strength condition (furnace)
Annealing
Lying, situated, placed across; having a path from side to side
Transverse
A groove weld symbol with no information appearing to the right means
The weld is to be continuous for the entire joint length
Current flowing through the coil induces a longitudinal magnetic field which flow across the test object (coil shot) in MT
Yoke
In general, an increase in the carbon equivalent of carbon steel will result in an increase in its
Hardness
D1.6
Stainless Steel
The relative ability of a metal to withstand cyclic loading, as in stress reversal
Fatigue strength
The deflection of a welding arc from its normal path because of magnetic forces
Arc blow
A phase found in metals which forms on rapid cooling or quenching
Martensite
The total included angle of the groove between the work pieces. In the joints where both edges of the workpieces are prepared at an angle this dimension is the total of both
Groove angle
A group of tests that rapidly apply a load, an impact, to a metal sample. Examples are Charpy, explosion bulge, and deep-weight nil-ductility tests
Impact testing
What is considered to be the most portable method of magnetization when conduction a magnetic particle test
AC Yoke
A joint root condition in a groove weld in which weld metal extends through the joint thickness
Complete joint penetration
AET
Acoustic Emission Test
A reduction of cross sectional area of a ductile metal at the fracture point when a tensile load causes failure
Neck-down
Described as straightline longitudinal crevices or opening that may appear on the surface of steel
Seams
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
A groove melted into the base metal adjacent to the weld toe or weld root and left unfilled by weld metal
Undercut
The distance from the joint root to the toe of the fillet weld
Fillet weld leg
A detailed description of the parts of a whole; statement or enumeration of particulars, as to actual or required size, quality, performance, terms, etc
Specification
Entrapped slag can result when using
SMAW, SAW, FCAW, ESW
Deformation of a metal under load without permanent deformation. As the load is removed, the metal returns to its original shape.
Elastic behavior
By definition, an alloy containing 12% chromium or greater
Stainless steel
Use of preheat will result in
A slower cooling rate and wider heat-affected zone
A curve generated from data relating the number of cycles and the applied stress levels to cause failures of metal samples
S-N curve
Base metal thickness can be determined using what
UT and ET
What are the common causes of undercut when using SMAW
Weld current too high, improper electrode manipulation, welding electrode too large, improper electrode angle
The special type of atomic bonding holding metal atoms together
Metallurgical bond
An alpha/numeric following an item which usually changes or modified its meaning
Suffix
D1.5
Highway Bridge
Referred to as the contact tube to electrode end distance
Electrode extension
A device used to determine test resolution sensitivity for RT testing; also called a “penetrameter”, or penny
IQI (image quality indicator)
In welding, a shaded lens, usually glass, that protects the eyes from radiation from the welding arc and other heat sources. Welding lens are numbered, with the higher numbers offering the greatest protection
Filter lens
In welding, an opening, usually small, that aids in controlling or constricting the flow of materials
Orifice
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
A joint root condition in a groove weld in which weld metal does not extend through the joint thickness
Incomplete joint penetration
A surface of the base metal that will be melted during welding
Fusion face
Body of laws, as of a nation, city, etc., arranged systematically for easy reference
Codes
A procedure that produces a hole completely through the workpiece. As the weld progresses, molten metal flows in behind the keyhole to form its weld
Keyhole welding
The distance from the beginning of the joint root perpendicular to the hypotenuse of the largest right triangle that can be inscribed within the cross section of a fillet weld
Theoretical throat
Piezoelectricity is a material property used by which NDE method
UT
A controlled heat treatment which relieves residual stress in metals
Stress relief
In OFC and PAC, the amount of the offset between the cut entry and exit points, measured along the cut edge
Drag
A gas that does not combine chemically with other materials. Argon and helium are most commonly used in welding
Inert gas
Any surface blemish or geometry that increases the applied stress at a particular point on a component. Examples are weld ripples, shaft key ways, surface scratches
Stress raiser
The relative ability of a metal to be hardened, usually by rapid quenching
Hardenability
During operation, the heat for electroslag welding is provided by
The electrical resistance heating of the molten slag
A quantity or constant whose value varies with the circumstances of its application
Parameter
The radius used to form the shape of a J or U groove weld
Groove radius
The permissible level of exposure limits for hazardous materials
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)
A heat treatment whereby a steel is heated into the austenite range and cooled in still air
Normalizing
Cube with atoms at each of the eight corners and with one atom at the center of each of the six faces
FCC
In pipe groove welding, the 45 degrees fixed position is designated as
6G
A term referring to a group of stainless steels having two stable phases at room temperature
Duplex
A BCC solid solution of carbon in iron, and stable at room temperature. Also named ferrite
Alpha Iron
The effect of the surface tension of liquids causing them to be drawn into tight clearances
Capillary action
For a more detailed look at recommended safety precautions, one should refer to
ANSI/ASC Z49.1 - Safety in Welding and Cutting, Figure 2.1
The maximum distance from the face of a convex fillet weld perpendicular to a line joining the weld toes
Convexity
1__=2.2lbs
Kg (kilogram)
A phase found in steels, also referred to as ‘alpha’
Ferrite
A type of macrohardness test (largest)
Brinell
Steady currents between ___ and ___ milliamperes are considered SECONDARY shock currents
0.5~6 mA
Double groove welds in butt joints always require
Weld to be deposited from both sides of the joint
KASH
Knowledge, Attitude, Skills and Habit (basic tools of a welding inspector)
Power supply used for GMAW
Constant Voltage, or constant potential
FCC
Face centered cubic
A weld of approximately triangular cross section joining two surfaces approximately at right angles to each other in a lap, T, or corner joint
Fillet weld
A weld discontinuity in which fusion did not occur between weld metal and fusion faces or adjoins weld beads
Incomplete fusion
D1.1
Structural
The order of making welds in a weldment
Welding sequence
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
NACE
National Association of Corrosion Engineers
The term applied to the working or forming of a metal while it is solid to form shapes, as opposed to a cast product which forms directly from the molten state
Wrought
A steel alloy with less than 0.8% carbon
Hypoeutectoid
Le System Internationale d’Unites (abbreviation used to denote the metric system)
SI
A form designed to insure that all safety precautions have been considered prior to any operation having open flames or high heat
Hot Work Permit
A body of laws, as of a nation, city, etc., arranges systematically for easy reference
Code
Cavity-type discontinuities formed by gas entrapment during solidification or in a thermal spray deposit
Porosity
Welder certification shall be waived by
No one
The junction of the weld face and the base metal
Weld toe
A titanium oxide; a coating type for covered electrodes in welding
Titania
Protecting from contamination
Shielding
Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing and Nondestructive Examination
ANSI/AWS 2.4
AISI
American Iron and Steel Institute
Peening is not permitted on
root and surface layers on welds 5.27
MTC/MTR
Material (mill) Test Certificate/Material (mill) Test Report
Low hydrogen SMAW electrodes shall be protected from moisture. The E70XX low hydrogen electrodes shall be returned to an oven within what period of time
4 hours
In welding, a smoke-like cloud containing a minute solid particles arising directly from molten metal
Fume plume
The units of measurement used for strength and pressure
Psi
The differences in a metal’s mechanical properties depending on rolling direction during manufacture
Directional properties
Weld metal in excess of the quantity required to fill a joint
Weld reinforcement
The practice of drilling a small hole at each end of a crack to increase the crack end radius and stop further crack propagation
Safe-ending
A measurement of the deformation of a Charpy sample on breaking
Lateral expansion
Iron carbide. There are two types of carburizing; pack carburizing and gaseous carburizing
Cemenite
ASCE
American Society of Civil Engineers
In penetrant testing, the time the penetrant is permitted to remain on the test surfaces to permit its being drawn into any surface discontinuities
Dwell time
A groove weld in which weld metal extends through the joint thickness
Complete joint penetration weld
An MT indication of a subsurface discontinuity 1 in below the surface will appear how as compared to a surface discontinuity
MT cannot detect a subsurface flaw 1 in below the surface
A nonmetallic product resulting from the mutual dissolution of flux and nonmetallic impurities in some welding and brazing process
Slag
What welding process utilizes a vertical joint orientation with welding occurring in the flat position
ESW
The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld is computed by measuring the shortest distance between what points
The root to the face
A type of groove weld in which the mating members of the joint have single-bevel or double-bevel edge shapes. The groove faces of the joint are opposed to each other
V groove weld
Several wires of varying diameters in IQI
Wire IQI
Protective gas used to prevent or reduce atmospheric contamination, as of a molten weld metal
Shielding gas
Cube with an atom at each of the eight corners and a single atom at the center of the cell
BCC
Welder does not have to control the feeding of the filler metal (GMAW)
“Self Regulating Constant Potential” system
What is the result from improper termination of the SMAW electrode and shrinking of the molten weld pool during welding
Crater cracking
A group of short, vertical lines, representing a body of information
Bar code
In impact testing, the temperature at which the metal fracture changes from ductile to brittle
Transition temperature
The amount of variation permitted from the ‘design size’ of a part
Tolerance
Conditions such as notches, cracks, or geometry which increase the applied stress by factors of 2 and 10
Stress risers
Standard unit for measuring the strength of an electric current
Ampere
A term applied to the group of stainless steels whose room temperature stable phase is austenite
Austenitic
The separation of a lamination under stress
Delamination
IIW Block
International Institute of Welding
Fillet welds may be used to connect skewed t joints provided the plates are set at an angle of not less than
30 degrees
A welding process commonly used to join light gage stainless steel tubing for critical applications is
GTAW
Materials made up primarily of the elements of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
Organic
The ratio between the stress applied and the resulting elastic strain; the slope of a metals’ elastic limit curve; a relative measure of a materials’ stiffness
Modulus of elasticity
UNS
Unified Numbering System
A case hardening process that introduces nitrogen into the surface of a ferrous material at elevated temperatures in the presence of ammonia or nitrogen
Nitriding
What is an example of an electrode classification number for GTAW
EWTh-2
The distance from the top of the welding electrode to the adjacent surface of the weld pool
Arc length
A weld made on the edges of two or more joined members, usually light gage metal, with at least one flanged member
Flange weld
Joining together of two or more materials
Coalescence
Of or pertaining to a plane; lying in a plane
Planar
Any equipment geometry that can lead to pinching parts of the body, especially the hands or feet, while working on the equipment
Pinch points
In welding, the relationship between the weld pool, joint, joint members, and welding heat source during welding. Examples are flat, horizontal, vertical, and overhead.
Position
These pipe positions will qualify welder for all positions of pipe except those in T-, K-, and Y- connections
2G and 5G; or 6G
A FCC solid solution of carbon in iron, also named austenite
Gamma Iron
In GMAW, the distance from the end of the contact tube to the arc is
Electrode extension
In order to learn the exact location of a subsurface flaw in the three directions, the best NDE method would be
UT
The ‘elastic limit’ of a metal, beyond which yield or plastic deformation occurs
Proportional limit
Something established for use as a rule or basis of comparison in measuring or judging capacity, quantity, content, extent, value, quality, etc
Standard
Oven storage of low hydrogen electrode is
To avoid damage by atmospheric moisture
Underbead cracking is primarily caused by
A source of hydrogen
In metals, the applied stress at which the metal will not fail, regardless of the number of fatigue cycles
Endurance limit
In reference to design, an applied cyclic stress; a mode of failure when metals are subject to cyclic testing
Fatigue
A steel or surface zone having a shallow depth, of extremely low carbon content. Occurs during the steel making practice
Rimmed steel
E7018 constant current
Shielded Metal Arc Welding SMAW
The carbon steel plate placed over austenitic stainless steel plate to permit cutting by the OFC method. CAC-A or PAC are more efficient for cutting these stainless steels
Waster plate
To establish guidelines for the qualification and certification of NDT personnel
ASNT’s Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A
D1.8
Seismic Supplement
Entrapped foreign solid material such as slag, flux, tungsten, or oxides
Inclusion
A surfacing variation that deposits or applies surfacing material usually to improve corrosion or heat resistance
Cladding
Where tight fit of intermediate stiffeners is specified, it shall be defined as allowing a gap up to
1/16”
Anything that will burn easily or quickly
Flammable
Metal crystal possessing different structures but the same chemical composition is referred to; this change with temp from one phase to another in a solid metal also known as phase transformation
Allotropic
Arc strikes are discontinuities most commonly associated with
SMAW
D1.9
Titanium
In UT, the term referring to the signal on the CRT generated by the transducer in contact with air
Main bang
Base metal specifications may be found in
ASTM
When a metal is alloyed, how are the atoms of the alloy incorporated into the original metal lattice structure
Substitutionally or interstitially
Low hydrogen electrode exposed to the atmosphere for longer periods then that permitted by codes shall be rebaked no more than
One time
BCC
Body centered cubic
The exposed surface of a weld on the side from which welding was done
Weld face
the “metric practice guide for the welding industry “; a standard published by AWS
ANSI/AWS A1.1
Practice for Occupational and Education Eye and Face Protection
ANSI Z87.1
A form of one of the five basic joint types in which at least one of the joint members has a flanged edge shape at the weld joint
Flanged joint
Has among the highest weld metal deposited for a hand held process
FCAW
This group is concerned with the proper, safe levels of exposure to hazardous materials
American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
In welding, the term applied to the direction of vertical welding, uphill or downhill
Progression
The distance that fusion extends into the base metal or previous bead from the surface melted during welding
Depth of fusion
Caused by the presence of contaminants or moisture in the weld zone which decompose due to the welding heat and form gases
Porosity
A break in the arrow line of a welding symbol has what significance
The broken arrow line segment points that member which receives preparation
Used worldwide for construction of bridges, buildings, and structures
AWS D1.1
The techniques aid in reducing residual stress
Peening, vibratory stress relief, thermal stress relief, and preheating
A joint between two members located approximately at right angles to each other in the form of an L
Corner joint
The technical society which provides technical guidance for pressure containing vessels and equipment
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
A mixture of iron and small amounts of carbon
Carbon steel
Adequate training is mandated under the provisions of _____
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act
Metal particles expelled during fusion welding that do not form a part of the weld
Spatter
Referred to as ‘straight’ polarity
DCEN
A groove melted into the base metal adjacent to the weld toe or weld root and left unfilled by weld metal
Undercut
Produces a mechanical change in dimensions when excited with an electric pulse. Also produce an electric pulse when acted upon mechanically
Piezoelectric effect
Elements of compounds which preferentially combine with oxygen to keep it from reacting with heated base or weld metal
Deoxidizers
Cooling very rapidly from an elevated temperature. A method of increasing the hardness of heat treatable steels
Quenching
The technical society which provides technical guidance and leadership in all phases of welding
American Welding Society (AWS)
A type of groove weld in which the mating members of the joint can consist of one half-round, round, or flanged edge shape, combined with one square edge shape
Flare-bevel groove weld
In ultrasonic testing, the liquid applied to a test object to improve transducer contact
Couplant
Which welding process would an E70T-X electrode be used with
FCAW
Permanent deformation of a metal below it’s transformation temperature
Cold work
A graphic detail of a component showing its geometry and size, with tolerances
Drawing
What is most likely to be a flaw caused during the manufacture of steel
Lamination
The property of a substance to produce light when acted upon by radiant energy, such as ultraviolet light
Fluorescence
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
The API Standard, Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities. This standard is often used in construction of cross-country pipelines
API 1104
If equal thickness of steel, cast iron, aluminum, lead, and copper are radiographed using the same exposure conditions, which material will result in the darkest radiograph
Aluminum (because it’s the least dense)
An alpha/numeric added at the beginning of an item to modify its meaning
Prefix
Technical leader in welding and related issues
American Welding Society (AWS)
Referring to ferrous metals, iron based, which can be magnetized
Ferromagnetic
A layered, or lamellar, structure composed of ferrite and cemenite (iron carbide)
Pearlite
The points, shown in cross section, at which the root surface intersects the base metal surfaces
Weld root
Preselected steps in the fabrication process where work must be stopped to permit inspection
Hold points
The gaseous form of a substance
Vapor
An attribute of a materials control system which permits tracing any part or material used in fabrication back to the source and certifying records
Traceability
Welding current too high or arc length too long can cause
Spatter
This ASNT recommended practice, Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing, outlines the certification program for NDT technicians
SNT-TC-1A
A type of groove weld in which the mating members of the joint can consist of two half-round, two round or two flanged edge shapes
Flare-v-groove weld
A type of microhardness test (longer on the sides)
Knoop
Growth, or continuous of growth; to get larger
Propagate
A type of macrohardness test (that applies minor load first and then major load)
Rockwell
The relative ability of a metal to absorb an impact load
Impact strength
A single level of weld within a multiple-pass weld. May consist of a single bead or multiple beads
Weld layer
A type of discontinuity with separation or weakness generally aligned parallel to the worked surface of a metal
Lamination
Certified Associate Welding Inspector
CAWI
Re-entrant copes shall have a minimum radius of
1”
Used to convey information through welding and testing symbols to those involved in the production and inspection of that product
Shorthand
