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Bacteriology > GNR: Enterbacterales + Vibrionaceae > Flashcards

GNR: Enterbacterales + Vibrionaceae Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Enterics

A

facultatively anaerobic GNRs, fermenters, metabolize glucose, oxidase negative, reduce nitrate, catalase positive

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2
Q

E. coli diseases

A

1 cause of UTIs, bacteremia, meningitis, and diarrhea

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3
Q

Which strains of E. coli cause gastrointestinal disease?

A

STEC (O157/non-O157), ETEC, EPEC, EIEC, and EAEC

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4
Q

Shiga toxin-producing E. coli symptoms/risks

A

mild diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis (bloody diarrhea), or no symptoms; can develop hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which can lead to kidney failure

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5
Q

Other strains of E. coli symptoms

A

ETEC: traveler’s diarrhea
EPEC: infantile diarrhea (<5 yrs)
EIEC: dysentery-like disease
EAEC: associated with chronic, persistent diarrhea

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6
Q

Which enterics are diarrheal pathogens (cause diarrheal disease whenever present)

A

Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia enterocolitica/pseudotuberculosis, Campy jejuni/coli, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Edwardsiella tarda

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7
Q

How is E. coli O157 differentiated from other E. coli strains?

A

E. coli O157 is sorbitol negative, so a special media with sorbitol can be used (Sorbitol MAC) where O157 will be clear

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8
Q

Shigella spp. diseases and symptoms

A

Shigellosis- invades the intestinal mucosa leading to abdominal pain, fever, watery diarrhea that can be bloody
Reactive arthritis/Reiter’s chronic syndrome- associated with serogroup B

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9
Q

Edwardsiella tarda diseases

A

uncommon cause of infections, but can cause diarrhea, wound infections, and bacteremia; associated with cold-blooded animals (snakes and turtles)

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10
Q

Which medical conditions increase the likelihood for a systemic infection caused by Edwardsiella tarda?

A

Patients with liver disease or conditions with iron overload; immunocompromised people can develop myonecrosis and liver abscesses in addition to systemic disease

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11
Q

Salmonella enterica diseases and symptoms

A

Gastroenteritis- food poisoning, causing nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea (usually self limiting)
Enteric fever- S. typhi (typhoid fever), S. paratyphi A/B (paratyphoid fever), or S. cholerasuis; fever, prostration, bacteremia, and organ failure
Other infections include bacteremia, osteomyelitis, meningitis, and endocarditis

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12
Q

Symptoms of Typhoid fever

A

More severe than the other enteric fevers; can have “rose spot” (red lesions on the abdomen) along with other enteric fever symptoms; blood is usually positive the first week, but stool and urine are more likely to be positive the second and third week

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13
Q

Citrobacter spp. diseases

A

UTIs, wound, respiratory, bacteremia, endocarditis, septicemia, meningitis, and brain abscesses

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14
Q

Enterobacter spp. diseases

A

associated with contaminated medical devices

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15
Q

Klebsiella spp. diseases

A

UTIs, respiratory (pneumonia), bloodstream; K. granulomatis is an STD

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16
Q

Symptoms of Klebsiella granulomatis infection

A

causes granuloma inguinale/donovanosis, leading to genital ulcers/painless lesion that bleed easily

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17
Q

How is a Klebsiella granulomatis infection diagnosed?

A

Need egg yolk growth factors to grow, so lesion scrapings are stained with Wright or Giemsa stain along with clinical manifestation for diagnosis; blue rods with prominent polar granules (safety pin)

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18
Q

Serratia marcescens diseases

A

causes healthcare infections and associated with medical devices and solutions; resistant to a lot of disinfectants

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19
Q

Pantoea agglomerans diseases

A

associated with traumatic injury from objects contaminated with soil

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20
Q

Hafnia alvei diseases

A

causes opportunistic infections and abscesses in the biliary tree

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21
Q

Which genera are included in the Proteeae group and what biochemical does this group have?

A

Proteus spp., Morganella spp., and Providencia; all three are positive for phenylalanine deaminase and lactose negative

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22
Q

Proteus spp. diseases

A

UTIs, wound infections, and ear infections; associated with diarrhea and sepsis

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23
Q

Morganella spp. diseases

A

associated with diarrhea

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24
Q

Providencia spp. diseases

A

associated with nosocomial infections, UTIs, and diarrhea in children

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25
Q

Yersinia pestis diseases and symptoms

A

causes plague (from rodents or infected fleas); bubonic plague- fever and swollen lymph nodes (buboes); pneumonic plague- infections of the respiratory tract from inhalation of droplets

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26
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica diseases and symptoms

A

causes enterocolitis and can mimic acute appendicitis because of mesenteric lymphadenitis

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27
Q

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis diseases and symptoms

A

rarely causes human disease; primarily found in rodents, rabbits, and wild birds

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28
Q

Appearance of E. coli on different agars

A

EMB: metallic green
MAC: pink
SS: pink
HEK: yellow-orange
XLD: yellow

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29
Q

Appearance of Klebsiella and Enterobacter on different agars

A

EMB: blue-black
MAC: pink
SS: pink
HEK: yellow-orange
XLD: yellow

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30
Q

Appearance of Shigella spp. on different agars

A

EMB: colorless
MAC: colorless
SS: colorless
HEK: green
XLD: red

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31
Q

Appearance of Salmonella spp. on different agars

A

EMB: colorless
MAC: colorless
SS: colorless w/ black center
HEK: green/blue w/ black center
XLD: red w/ black center

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32
Q

Appearance of Proteeae, Citrobacter, Serratia, and Hafnia on different agars

A

EMB: lavender or colorless
MAC: colorless to slightly pink
SS: colorless w/ or w/o black centers
HEK: green to salmon w/ or w/o black centers
XLD: red or yellow w/ or w/o black centers

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33
Q

E. coli biochemicals

A

Positive: lactose, ONPG, indole, methyl red, motile, lysine
Negative: VP, citrate, urea, H2S
TSI: A/AG-

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34
Q

Shigella spp. biochemicals

A

Positive: Methyl red
Negative: lactose, H2S, VP, citrate, arginine, lysine, ornithine, motility, urea
Indole variable
TSI: K/A-

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35
Q

Shigella sonnei vs other spp.

A

ONPG positive because it is a late lactose fermenter and it is ornithine positive

36
Q

Salmonella spp. biochemicals

A

Positive: H2S, methyl red, citrate, lysine, ornithine, and motile
Negative: lactose, indole, VP, urea
TSI: K/AG+

37
Q

Salmonella typhi biochemicals

A

Positive: H2S (slight), methyl red, motile, lysine
Negative: lactose, citrate, ornithine, VP, indole
TSI: K/A+ (no gas)

38
Q

Edwardsiella tarda biochemicals

A

Positive: H2S, indole, methyl red, lysine, ornithine, motile
Negative: lactose, VP, citrate, arginine, urea
TSI: K/AG+

39
Q

Citrobacter spp. biochemicals

A

Positive: ONPG, methyl red, citrate, motile
Negative: lysine, VP, urea
TSI: V/A and variable for gas and H2S

40
Q

Citrobacter freundii vs Citrobacter braakii vs Citrobacter youngae vs Citrobacter koseri

A

C. freundii- indole negative, H2S positive, ornithine negative
C. braakii- indole negative, ornithine positive
C. youngae- ornithine negative, indole v
C. koseri- indole positive, ornithine positive

41
Q

Klebsiella spp. biochemicals

A

Positive: gas, lysine, lactose, VP, citrate, urea
Negative: H2S, ornithine, nonmotile
TSI: A/AG-

42
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae vs Klebsiella oxytoca

A

K. pneumoniae is indole negative while K. oxytoca is indole positive

43
Q

Enterobacter spp. biochemicals

A

Positive: gas, ornithine, VP, citrate, lactose, ONPG
Negative: H2S, indole, methyl red
TSI: A/AG-

44
Q

Enterobacter aerogenes vs Enterobacter cloacae

A

E. aerogenes- lysine positive and arginine negative
E. cloacae- lysine negative and arginine positive

45
Q

Serratia marcescens biochemicals

A

Positive: motile, ONPG, citrate, VP, lysine, ornithine, lactose, sucrose
Negative: H2S, indole, urea, gas, arginine
TSI: A/A

46
Q

Proteus spp. biochemicals

A

Positive: urea, motile, H2S, methyl red, phenylalanine, gas
Negative: lactose, arginine, lysine, VP
TSI: K/AG+ or A/AG+ if sucrose positive strain

47
Q

Proteus mirabilis vs Proteus vulgaris

A

P. mirabilis: indole negative, ornithine positive, citrate positive, sucrose negative, gelatin negative, maltose negative
P. vulgaris: indole positive, ornithine negative, citrate negative, sucrose positive, gelatin positive, maltose positive
P. mirabilis is also susceptible to ampicillin while vulgaris is resistant

48
Q

Proteus hauseri and Proteus penneri specific biochemicals

A

P. hauseri: indole positive, ornithine negative, maltose positive
P. penneri: indole negative, ornithine negative, maltose negative

49
Q

Providencia spp. biochemicals

A

Positive: indole, methyl red, citrate, phenylalanine, motile
Negative: lactose, H2S, VP, arginine, lysine, ornithine
TSI: V/A V-

50
Q

Providencia specific spp. biochemicals

A

P. alcalifaciens: indole +, maltose +, urea -
P. heimbachae: indole -, urea -
P. rettgeri: indole +, urea +, maltose -
P. stuartii: indole +, urea v, maltose -
P. rustigianii: indole +, urea -, maltose -

51
Q

Morganella morganii biochemicals

A

Positive: indole, urea, ornithine, methyl red, phenylalanine, motile
Negative: lactose, H2S, VP, citrate, arginine, lysine
TSI: K/AG-

52
Q

Hafnia alvei biochemicals

A

Positive: citrate, motile, lysine, ornithine
Negative: indole, H2S, urea, arginine
TSI: K/AG-

53
Q

Yersinia spp biochemicals

A

Positive: methyl red
Negative: oxidase, lactose, H2S, VP, citrate, lysine, arginine
TSI: based on spp.
- Y. entercolitica A/A-
- Y. pseuodotuberculosis K/A-

54
Q

Yersinia pestis vs Yersinia enterocolitica vs Yersinia pseudotuberculosis biochemicals

A

Y. pestis: indole -, nonmotile, urea -, ornithine -, sucrose -, rhamnose -
Y. enterocolitica: indole v, motile, urea +, ornithine +, sucrose +, rhamnose -, ONPG +
Y. pseudotuberculosis: indole -, motile, urea +, ornithine -, sucrose -, rhamnose +

55
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica vs Shigella sonnei vs Aeromonas spp.

A

Y. enterocolitica is urea positive, sucrose positive, rhamanose negative, and sorbitol positive
S. sonnei is urea negative, sucrose negative, rhamanose positive, and sorbitol negative
Aeromonas is oxidase positive

56
Q

Plesiomonas shigelloides biochemicals

A

Positive: oxidase, motile, indole, ONPG, lysine, arginine, ornithine, methyl red, catalase, inositol
Negative: VP, H2S, urea, citrate, gas
TSI: A/A-
does not grow on amp containing agars

57
Q

Raoultella spp. biochemicals

A

Positive: VP, ONPG, 10C growth
Negative: 44C growth

58
Q

Raoultella ornithinolytica vs. R. planticola vs. R. terrigena

A

R. ornithinolytica- indole positive and ornithine positive
R. planticola- ornithine negative and indole variable
R. terrigena- indole negative and ornithine negative

59
Q

How are Vibrio infections usually aquired?

A

Usually occur after raw fish consumption or wounds in contact with contaminated fish. Cases increase in warmer months

60
Q

Which species are Vibrio causes endemic, epidemic, and pandemic cholera?

A

Vibrio cholerae, which has 2 biotypes (classical O1 and E1 Tor). E1 Tor caused the last pandemic while O1 caused the ones before it.

61
Q

Vibrio cholerae diseases

A

causes both intestinal and extraintestinal infections. Gastroenteritis can be asymptomatic to fatal from dehydration; causes watery diarrhea (“rice water” diarrhea- colorless and contain mucus flecks). Extraintestinal infections include bacteremia, wound infections, and ear infections

62
Q

Which toxins does Vibrio cholerae have?

A

Cholera toxin (CT): causes mucosal cells to hypersecrete water and electrolytes into the lumen of the GI tract leading to dehydration and watery diarrhea; does not penetrate the mucosal barrier so no blood
Zonula occludens toxin (ZOT): disrupts the tight junctions of the intestinal cells, decreasing tissue resistance
Toxin coregulated pili (TCP): allows bacilli to attach to mucosal cells for CT release

63
Q

Which Vibrio species is associated with liver disease and raw oysters?

A

V. vulnificus causes septicemia and wound infections usually after handling raw oysters; it mainly affects those with liver disease due to the increased availability of iron

64
Q

Which species of Vibrio is associated with infections following exposure to sea water?

A

V. alginolyticus causes ear and wound infections after exposure to sea water

65
Q

General characteristics of Vibrio spp.

A

motile, oxidase positive, ferment glucose (except V. metschnikovii), all of nlf (except V. vulnificus), indole positive

66
Q

Which species of Vibrio require only 0.5% NaCl to grow while other need a higher concentration?

A

V. cholerae and V. mimicus

67
Q

Which agar should be used for Vibrio isolation and differentiation?

A

TCBS: species that ferment sucrose will be yellow while those that do not are green

68
Q

Biochemicals for key Vibrio spp.

A

V. alginolyticus: ONPG -, ADH -, LDC +, ODC var, Sucrose +
V. cholerae: ONPG +, ADH -, LDC +, ODC +, Sucrose +, VP +, TSI: A/A-
V. parahaemolyticus: ONPG -, ADH -, LDC +, ODC +, Sucrose -, VP -, TSI: K/A-
V. vulnificus: ONPG var, ADH -, LDC +, ODC var, Sucrose -, only species that is salicin +, VP -, A/A-

69
Q

What is the string test?

A

The string test is used to differentiate between Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Plesiomonas; organisms are emulsified in 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, which will lyse Vibrio cells. The lysed Vibrio cells will release DNA, which can be pulle dup into a string with a loop

70
Q

Aeromonas spp. diseases

A

causes infections when contaminated food/water is ingested, disrupted skin is exposed to contaminated water, or traumatic inoculation of fish fins or fishing hooks; can cause gastroenteritis, septicemia, necrotizing fasciitis, bacteremia, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, wound infections, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis. Can lead to HUS and kidney disease

71
Q

General Biochemicals for Aeromonas spp.

A

indole positive, oxidase positive, motile, often lactose or sucrose positive, does not grow in salt, ODC negative, Resistant to O/129, inositol negative, TSI: A/AG-

72
Q

What has led to an increase in Aeromonas infections?

A

natural disasters such as flooding and tsunamis have led to an increase in infections; it is also associated with leech therapy

73
Q

Which medias can be used for Aeromonas?

A

CIN w/ cefsulodin, Ampicillin blood agar (except for A. trota which is Susceptible to amp), Aeromonas agar (contains D-xylose to differentiate it from Yersinia and Citrobacter and Oxidase test can be done unlike CIN agar)

74
Q

Which Aeromonas species in ADH negative?

A

A. veronii biovar veronii is the only negative species (biovar sorbia is positive)

75
Q

Which Aeromonas species in ODC positive?

A

A. veronii biovar veronii is the only positive species (biovar sorbia is negative)

76
Q

A. caviae biochemicals

A

Positive: esculin, salacin, and KCN
Negative: gas and VP

77
Q

A. hydrophila biochemicals

A

Positive: esculin, salacin, gas, VP, and KCN

78
Q

A. veronii biochemicals

A

Positive: gas and VP
Negative: esculin, salacin, and KCN

79
Q

Helicobacter spp. diseases

A

H. pylori causes gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer
Other helicobacters can cause proctocolitis, gastroenteritis, neonatal meningitis, skin rashes, and bacteremia

80
Q

Helicobacter spp. biochemicals

A

All are oxidase +, catalase +, microaerophilic, grows at 37C, and motile
H. pylori: urease +, nitrate -, resistant to nalidixic acid
H. cinaedi: urease -, nitrate +, susceptible to nalidixic acid
H. fennelliae: urease -, nitrate -, susceptible to nalidixic acid

81
Q

What tests can be done to identify H. pylori?

A

Urease tests- biopsy test where biopsy is incubated in Christensen’s urea medium for 2 hours (pink is +) or breath test where a patient drink a solution with 14C labeled urea and then 14CO2 is detected

82
Q

Campylobacter spp. diseases

A

Febrile systemic disease, periodontal disease, and most commonly gastroenteritis (Campy jejuni is the most common bacterial enteric pathogen and causes infections during summer and early fall)

83
Q

Biochemicals for select Campylobacter species

A

C. coli: NG at 25C and growth at 42C, hippurate -, H2S -, nitrate +, Resist cephalothin and Suscept Nalidixic acid
C. jejuni: NG at 25C and growth at 42C. hippurate +, H2S -, Resist cephalothin and Suscept Nalidixic acidC. fetus: growth at 25C and NG at 42C, hippurate -, H2S -, nitrate +, Suscept cephalothin and resist nalidixic acid

84
Q

How are the subspecies of C. jejuni differentiated from each other?

A

C. jejuni sub. jejuni is nitrate positive while C. jejuni sub. doylei is negative

85
Q

General characteristics of Campy spp.

A

seagull wing appearance on GS, oxidase positive, motile, catalase positive, urease -

Bacteriology (9 decks)

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