GMO (Genetically Modified Organisms) Flashcards
What are Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)?
GMOs are living organisms whose genetic material has been altered in a way that doesn’t occur naturally through mating or natural recombination.
What processes are involved in creating GMOs?
The processes include identifying, isolating, copying, inserting, and growing the desired traits in organisms.
What is the purpose of CRISPR technology?
CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of DNA, enabling the addition, removal, or modification of genes in virtually any organism.
What is the role of the Cas9 protein in CRISPR?
Cas9 acts as molecular scissors that cut the DNA at the desired location.
What is the function of guide RNA (gRNA) in CRISPR?
gRNA is custom-designed to match the sequence of DNA scientists want to edit.
What is the purpose of PCR in genetic modification?
PCR is used to copy the gene that has the desired trait for experimentation.
What is microinjection in the context of genetic engineering?
Microinjection involves inserting genetic material into the nucleus of a fertilized egg.
What is electroporation?
Electroporation uses electrical pulses to increase cell membrane permeability, allowing foreign DNA to enter.
What is tissue culture?
Tissue culture is a method where cells, tissues, or organs are grown in a controlled environment outside their natural organism.
What are some applications of GMOs in agriculture?
GMOs are used to create crops that are resistant to pests, diseases, and environmental conditions.
What are edible vaccines?
Edible vaccines are produced locally, allowing greater access and reducing long-term costs.
What are some ethical concerns regarding GMOs?
Ethical concerns include human genetic engineering, religious objections, and the regulation of genetic modifications.
What is the significance of the gene Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)?
Bt produces a natural insecticide used in agriculture to protect crops from insect infestation.
What is the impact of GMOs on CO2 emissions?
Adopting GMOs can reduce CO2 emissions from farming by increasing yield and cutting pesticide usage.
What are some social issues related to GMOs?
Social issues include public skepticism, consumer advocacy for labeling, and concerns about corporate control in food production.
What is the role of robotic screening systems in GMO production?
Robotic screening systems scan GM cells for desired characteristics and select promising samples for further growth.
What are the three generations of genetically modified crops?
1st gen: Resistance to pests and diseases; 2nd gen: Improved quality; 3rd gen: Non-food purposes like pharmaceuticals.
What is the significance of the Enviropig?
The Enviropig was created to digest plant phosphorus more efficiently, reducing water pollution from manure.
