GMAT ENG

Question 1

epithet [ ˈepɪθet ]

ex) Warao mourners also use irony as an effective verbal strategy: they may, for example, use mocking epithets in reference to high-ranking figures.

Answer 1

1. a word or phrase that describes a person or thing

ex) The film is long and dramatic but does not quite earn the epithet ‘epic’.

2. an offensive word or name that is used as a way of abusing or insulting someone

ex) Woman and child seen writing a racist epithet and lewd drawing at Highland Park Elementary School playground

Question 2

discourse [ˈdɪs.kɔːrs ]

In one lament, for example, the singer offers her own positive interpretation of her deceased son’s behavior while characterizing community officials’ discussions of that behavior not as the authoritative discourse of leaders but as idle talk

Answer 2

the use of words to exchange thoughts and ideas

ex) He was hoping for some lively political discourse at the meeting.

Question 3

blatant [ ˈbleɪtnt ]

It is unlikely that the book’s author suppressed as blatant fabrication any references Marco Polo might have made to the Great Wall.

Answer 3

You use blatant to describe something bad that is done in an open or very obvious way.

ex) Outsiders will continue to suffer the most blatant discrimination.

obvious

Question 4

subdue [səbˈduː]

The sturdy forelimbs of Quetzalcoatlus could have helped it to subdue its prey when not in flight

Answer 4

1. to get control of (a violent or dangerous person or group) by using force, punishment, etc.

ex) Senior government officials admit they have not been able to subdue the rebels.

2. to get control of (something, such as a strong emotion)

ex) Julia had to subdue an urge to stroke his hair

1. 진압하다 2. 가라앉히다

Question 5

afford

However, the protection afforded to traders who found themselves victims of the fraudulent imitation of their marks was scattered across different sources.

Answer 5

to give

ex) tree affords some shelter from the sun.

ex) music affords her pleasure

Question 6

encumber [ ɪnˈkʌmbə(r) ]

Unencumbered by laws requiring that they cease work, older people in the early- and mid-nineteenth-century United States apparently labored until they chose to stop.

Answer 6

to make (someone or something) hold or carry something heavy

ex) When we forgive and develop these other positive emotions we become less encumbered by the scars of the past.

unencumbered:

1. not having any burden or impediment

ex) Anonymous posting enables honest expression, unencumbered by identity.

2. free of debt or other financial liability.

ex) It’s constant with our strategy acquiring unencumbered assets that typically need some investment in capital.

지장을 주다

hamper, hinder

Question 7

inertia

The bank managers did not recognize the level of customer inertia in the consumer banking industry that arises from the inconvenience of switching banks.

Answer 7

1. lack of movement or activity especially when movement or activity is wanted or needed

ex) The organization is stifled by bureaucratic inertia

ex) I can’t seem to throw off this feeling of inertia.

2. (physics) the physical force that keeps something in the same position or moving in the same direction

활발하지 못함, 무력 ; (물리) 관성

inactivity

Question 8

precursor [ priːˈkɜː.sər ]

After citing a precursor of a theory, the author outlines and refutes the theory, then links its flaw to the precursor.

Answer 8

a person or thing that comes before another of the same kind

ex) Biological research has often been a precursor to medical breakthroughs

forerunner, predecessor

Question 9

seer [sɪr]

These writers’ faith in the imagination and in themselves as practitioners of imagination led them to conceive of the writer as a seer and enabled them to achieve supreme confidence in their own moral and metaphysical insights.

Answer 9

[literary] someone who predicts things that will happen in the future

ex) Unlike the visionary and the seer, the artist in pursuit of a new goal finds no subliminal apparatus ready to serve him

prophet, fortune teller

Question 10

theology

Answer 10

the study of religion and religious belief

신학

Question 11

scorn

n. Researchers greeted the proposal with scorn.

v. Several leading officers have quite openly scorned the peace talks.

Answer 11

n. a very strong feeling of no respect for someone or something that you think is stupid or has no value

v. to show scorn for someone or something

Scorn: Openly ridiculing or mocking something deemed unworthy.

Contempt: Quiet, internalized disapproval with a sense of superiority.

Disdain: Detached and aloof disregard, often expressed passively.

Despise: Intense personal hatred or loathing for someone or something.

Question 12

fledgling [ˈfledʒ.lɪŋ]

To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z banned imports of the types of products those industries were starting to make.

Answer 12

1. a young bird that has grown feathers and is learning to fly

2. new and without experience

ex) The current economic climate is particularly difficult for fledgling businesses.

cf. full-fledged: fully developed

Question 13

predicate v. [ˈpredɪkeɪt ]

This approach is predicated on a traditional hierarchical workplace with a top-down decision-making structure.

Answer 13

1. to say that something is true
ex) It would be unwise to predicate that the disease is caused by a virus before further tests have been carried out.

2. base something on
ex) Mergers predicated on scale often fail to yield promised efficiencies

(사실이라고) 단정하다; 특정 신조·생각·원칙에 …의) 근거를 두다, 입각하다

Question 14

incipient [ɪnˈsɪp.i.ənt]

A symptom of the incipient decline of a society is its inability to produce what its own citizens regard as necessary for a reasonably prosperous life.

Answer 14

just beginning
ex) an incipient economic recovery

Question 15

discern [dɪˈsɜːn]

Even if a substance in drinking water is a public health hazard, scientists may not have discerned which adverse health effects, if any, it has caused.

Answer 15

to see, recognize, or understand something that is not clear

ex) You need a long series of data to be able to discern such a trend.

Discern: Detecting something subtle or unclear through careful thought.

Distinguish: Noticing clear differences between two or more things.

Recognize: Realizing something is familiar based on prior knowledge or experience.

Spot: Quickly or unexpectedly noticing something that might be hard to see.

알아차리다

Question 16

regimen [ˈredʒɪmən]

Many patients who take perxicillin experience severe side effects within the first few days of their prescribed regimen.

Answer 16

a plan or set of rules about food, exercise, etc., to make someone become or stay healthy

ex) After his heart attack the doctor put him on a strict regimen.

운동 및 식이 요법

Question 17

exhaust

The two hypotheses do not exhaust the possibilities regarding foration processes for sorted circles.

Answer 17

to use something completely

(If you have exhausted a subject or topic, you have talked about it so much that there is nothing more to say about it.)

ex) I’m afraid he’s exhausted my patience.

ex) I think we’ve exhausted that particular topic.

다 써 버리다 -> (어떤 주제에 대해) 샅샅이[철저히] 다루다

Question 18

parity [ ˈpærəti ]

It needed to be improved to attain parity with the service provided by competing banks.

Answer 18

equality, especially of pay or position

ex) Firefighters are demanding pay parity with police.

Question 19

provisional [ prəˈvɪʒənl ]

An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest.

Answer 19

existing or accepted for the present time but likely to be changed

ex) Supreme Court allows Pennsylvania to count contested provisional ballots, rejecting Republican plea

temporary

Question 20

discount

This year it is likely he finally will, since those who have discounted the possibility of a Bergeron candidacy have always pointed to the necessity of making financial disclosure as the main obstacle to such a candidacy.

Answer 20

to decide that something or someone is not worth considering or giving attention

ex) We cannot discount the possibility of further strikes.

Dismiss suggests quick rejection or ruling out.
Disregard implies ignoring deliberately or not giving attention.
Discount means undervaluing or minimizing significance or credibility

dismiss, disregard

Question 21

disinterested

Oral narratives are no more likely than are written narratives to provide a disinterested commentary on events or people.

Answer 21

not influenced by personal feelings, opinions, or concerns

ex) a banker is under an obligation to give disinterested advice

c.f. uninterested (= not interested)

objective, unbiased, impartial

Question 22

ramification [ ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃn ]

the ramifications of political and social relations between women and men.

Answer 22

The ramifications of a decision, plan, or event are all its consequences and effects, especially ones which are not obvious at first.

ex) They didn’t foresee the financial ramifications of the policy change.

consequence, result, aftermath, outcome

Question 23

foreshadow [ fɔːrˈʃædoʊ ]

Given this failure, Duverger’s study foreshadowed the enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach to the multinational study of women’s political participation.

Answer 23

If something foreshadows an event or situation, it suggests that it will happen.

ex) Warren Buffett’s 8-Quarter Streak Appears to Foreshadow Trouble for Wall Street. For eight straight quarters, Buffett and his team have (almost certainly) sold more stock than they’ve purchased.

indicate, portend

Question 24

enduring [ ɪnˈdʊr.ɪŋ]

Given this failure, Duverger’s study foreshadowed the enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach to the multinational study of women’s political participation.

Answer 24

existing for a long time

ex) Opinion | Trump, Harris and the Enduring Symbolism of McDonald’s

ex) Russia’s Enduring Presence in the Middle East.
The Kremlin’s Middle East diplomacy is driven by its rivalry with the West, the imperative to defend deep-rooted Russian interests in the region, and a desire to project power and influence well beyond its periphery.

lasting, long-lasting

Question 25

# con·comi·tant [kənˈkɒm.ɪ.tənt] Is it possible to decrease inflation without causing a recession and its **concomitant** increase in unemployment?

Answer 25

adj + noun **happening at the same time as something else** ex) Any increase in students means a concomitant increase in money for the university. ex) Loss of memory is a natural concomitant of old age.

Question 26

# constellation [ˌkɑːn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən] Alignments in the temple were also found to point toward the position, at the summer solstice, of a **constellation** known in Andean culture as the Fox.

Answer 26

a group of stars that forms a particular shape in the sky and has been given a name | 별자리

Question 27

# comparable [ˈkɑːm.pɚ.ə.bəl] Among those participants who had music instruction once every two weeks, ratings on the spatial reasoning tasks were **comparable** to those received by participants who had instruction each week.

Answer 27

**used to say that two or more things are very similar and can be compared to each othe**r ex) A comparable house in the south of the city would cost twice as much. ## Footnote similar

Question 28

# flesh out A response to the problem mentioned in the first paragraph is presented in the second paragraph and is supported and **fleshed out** in later paragraphs.

Answer 28

**to add more details or information to something** ex) These points were fleshed out in the later parts of the speech. | ~에 살을 붙이다

Question 29

# unilateral This must be an international effort, because **unilateral** geoengineering could have detrimental consequences.

Answer 29

A unilateral decision or action is taken by only one of the groups, organizations, or countries that are involved in a particular situation, without the agreement of the others. | 일반적인, 단독의

Question 30

# levy [ˈlev.i] Middletown **levies** its real-estate tax as a percentage of a property's assessed value.

Answer 30

**(of a government or organization) to demand an amount of money, such as a tax, from a person or organization** ex) A new tax was levied on consumers of luxury goods. ## Footnote impose, charge

Question 31

# heuristic [hjuːˈrɪs.tɪk] The way people use decision **heuristics** (rules of thumb) to simplify complex, information-rich decision tasks may explain the success of top-down selling.

Answer 31

**using experience to learn and improve** ex) Heuristics aren't taught in medical school and are in fact discouraged. ex) Decision-making will be of a heuristic nature.

Question 32

# attrition [əˈtrɪʃ.ən] if the **attrition** problem cannot be successfully addressed, Hachnut should discontinue the sponsorship program.

Answer 32

1 gradually making something weaker and destroying it, especially the strength or confidence of an enemy by repeatedly attacking it: ex) Terrorist groups and the government have been engaged in a costly war of attrition since 2008. 2 [chiefly US formal] **a reduction in the number of employees or participants**that occurs when people leave because they resign, retire, etc., and are not replaced ex) The staff has been thinned through attrition. [=the staff has become smaller because people have left] | wearing down, weakening ## Footnote 1.소모 2. (수 등의) 감소, 축소

Question 33

# outstripping It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is **outstripping** demand,

Answer 33

**to be or become better, greater, or larger than (someone or something)** ex) Demand is outstripping supply. ex) Their latest computer outstrips all its rivals. ## Footnote outrun, surpass

Question 34

# bulge [bʌldʒ] Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in **bulging** museum basements.

Answer 34

**VERB: to stick out in a rounded lump** ex) His eyes bulged. **VERB: to be completely filled with something** ex) Her pockets were bulging with presents. **NOUN: a rounded lump on the surface of something** ex) the bulge of a gun in his pocket

Question 35

# palpable [ˈpæl.pə.bəl] To make them **palatable**, zinc lozenges generally contains other ingredients, such as citric acid, that can interfere with the chemical activity of zinc.

Answer 35

**You describe something as palpable when it is obvious or intense and easily noticed.** ex) The tension between Amy and Jim is palpable. | obvious, apparent

Question 36

# demise [dɪˈmaɪz] They conclude that the postwar **demise** of this vital alliance constituted a lost opportunity for the civil rights movement that followed the war.

Answer 36

**an end of life, death.** **the end of something that was previously considered to be powerful, such as a business, industry, or system.** ex) Much has been written about the circumstances surrounding her demise. | 종말

Question 37

# entrench [ɪnˈtrentʃ] While union representatives often voiced this inclusive ideal, in practice unions far more often favored **entrenched** interests.

Answer 37

**to firmly establish something, especially an idea or a problem, so that it cannot be changed** ex) Sexism is deeply entrenched in our society. ex) The government's main task was to prevent inflation from entrenching itself. ## Footnote Established

Question 38

# dissipate Thunderstorms that occur in drifting clouds of smoke have extra positive-charge strikes weeks after the charge of the smoke particles has **dissipated**.

Answer 38

**to (cause to) gradually disappear** ex) His anger dissipated as the situation became clear. ex) The heat gradually dissipates into the atmosphere. **When someone dissipates money, time, or effort, they waste it in a foolish way.** ex) He is dissipating his time and energy on too many different things. | 소멸하다 ## Footnote disappear

Question 39

# catalyst The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical workers, however, identifies the primary **catalyst**.

Answer 39

**a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen more quickly** **a person or event that quickly causes change or action** ex) I very much hope that this case will prove to be a catalyst for change. | 촉매(제), (변화의) 기폭제

Question 40

# contraband [ˈkɑːn.trə.bænd] In fact, the United States Customs Service reports that CFC-12 is a **contraband** problem second only to illicit drugs.

Answer 40

**goods that are brought into or taken out of the country secretly and illegally** ex) As we opened the container, contraband goods poured out. | 밀수품

Question 41

# spiny [ˈspaɪ.ni] Australian researchers have discovered electroreceptors clustered at the tip of the **spiny** anteater’s snout.

Answer 41

**having or covered with many sharp, pointed parts(=spines)** | (동식물이) 가시가 있는 ## Footnote prickly, spiky, thorny

Question 42

# snout Australian researchers have discovered electroreceptors clustered at the tip of the spiny anteater’s **snout**.

Answer 42

**the nose and mouth that stick out from the face of some animals** | 주둥이

Question 43

# oblique Still, researchers have observed anteaters breaking into a nest of ants at an **oblique** angle and quickly locating nesting chambers.

Answer 43

**(of a line) having a slanting direction or position, neither perpendicular nor parallel** ex) Through the window came the last few oblique rays of evening sunshine. **not direct, not stated directly** ex) She made several oblique references to the current financial situation. | (선이) 비스듬한, 사선의; (표현이) 완곡한

Question 44

# chamber Still, researchers have observed anteaters breaking into a nest of ants at an oblique angle and quickly locating nesting **chambers**.

Answer 44

**a small space inside something** ## Footnote room

Question 45

# constancy [ˈkɑːn.stən.si] Scientists have advanced three theories of population control to account for this relative **constancy**.

Answer 45

**1. the quality of staying the same, lack of change** ex) In tropical latitudes, patterns in seasonality are less pronounced because of the constancy in climatic characteristics. **2. loyalty** ex) Never doubt the constancy of my love for you.

Question 46

# crass [kræs] Protecting children from the **crass** business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans

Answer 46

**Crass behaviour is stupid and does not show consideration for other people.** ex) He made crass comments about her worn-out clothes. ## Footnote insensitive

Question 47

# be slated several of the roads that are **slated** for widening will have to be closed temporarily while construction is underway

Answer 47

**to be expected to happen in the future or to be expected to be or do something in the future.** ex) He was slated to become U.S. Secretary of Agriculture. ex) Controversial energy measures are slated for Senate debate within days.

Question 48

# conjecture [kənˈdʒektʃə(r)] describing and evaluating **conjectures** about a species' diet.

Answer 48

**a guess about something based on how it seems and not on proof** ex) What was going through the killer’s mind is a matter for conjecture. ex) We can only conjecture about what was in the killer’s mind. ## Footnote guess

Question 49

# strew [struː] Archaeologists had noticed that sixteenth-century Native American sites were strewn with iron bolts and metal pins.

Answer 49

**to scatter things over a surface** ex) The park was strewn with litter after the concert. ## Footnote scatter

Question 50

# antedate Europeans and Native Americans had established trade protocols, such as body language assuring one another of their peaceful intentions, that **antedate** the earliest records of trade.

Answer 50

**predate, precede**

Question 51

# ar·tery Magnetic resonance Imaging(MRI)-a noninvasive diagnostic procedure can be used to identify blockages in the coronary **arteries**.

Answer 51

**one of the thick tubes that carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body** | 동맥 (c.f. vein:정맥)

Question 52

# com·men·sur·ate [ kəˈmenʃərət ] And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a **commensurate** commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.

Answer 52

**equal or similar to something in size, amount, or degree** ex) I am looking for a salary that is commensurate with my skills and experience. | 어울리는[상응하는] ## Footnote equivalent

Question 53

# in·verse·ly Which of the following describe(s) two quantities that vary **inversely**?

Answer 53

**in the opposite manner, position, or order** ex) One study found that the risk of a stroke is inversely related to eating nuts. | 거꾸로, 반대로, 역비례하여

Question 54

# in all likelihood Charlemagne had his own silver coins minted in large numbers, and **in all likelihood** foreign coins were melted down to provide the metal for these coins

Answer 54

**almost certainly** ex) Anyone who reads this book will fall asleep in all likelihood. | 십중팔구

Question 55

# mem·brane [ ˈmembreɪn ] One promising approach is the loading of medication into liposomes—microscopic sacs (vesicles) made of the same phospholipids that constitute cell **membranes**.

Answer 55

**a thin sheet or layer** ex) The cornea (각막) is the transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye. | (인체 피부·조직의) 막; (식물의) 세포막

Question 56

# inadvertently A British scientist, Alec D. Bangham, **inadvertently** produced the first liposomes in 1961 while experimenting with the effect of phospholipids on blood clotting.

Answer 56

**unintentionally** ex) he text was edited in a way that inadvertently changed its meaning. **inadvertent = not intentional = accidental** ex) All authors need to be wary of inadvertent copying of other people's ideas. **advertent = intentional** Damages may be payable if there is advertent wrongdoing.

Question 57

# unwieldy [ʌnˈwiːl.di] The number of official planets again threatened to become **unwieldy**.

Answer 57

**difficult to handle, control, or deal with because of being large, heavy, or complex.** ex) A treadmill is a very unwieldy item to get down a flight of stairs. **wieldy** = easily controlled or handled **wield** 1) to hold (something, such as a tool or weapon) in your hands so that you are ready to use it (무기·도구를) 휘두르다, 사용하다 2) to use (power, influence, etc.) 행사하다

Question 58

# concerted [ kənˈsɜːtɪd ] Because these snakes do not tend to migrate once they have found a productive hunting ground, a **concerted** eradication program for nonnative snakes along Jackson Creek should eliminate most of the nonnative snakes and thereby stop the decline in the park’s population of small animals.

Answer 58

**planned or done together for a shared purpose** ex) The D-Day invasion was a concerted exercise by the armed forces of Britain, the US, and Canada.

Question 59

# manure [ məˈnʊr ] Producing a liter of milk from cows organically requires 80 percent more land, releases 60 percent more undesirable nutrients from **manure** into water sources, and contributes 70 percent more to acid rain than does producing milk nonorganically.

Answer 59

**solid waste from farm animals that is used to make soil better for growing plants** | 거름, 거름을 주다

Question 60

# appreciably [əˈpriː.ʃə.bli] The shade of color of some plants tends to change **appreciably** over the course of their growing season.

Answer 60

ex) Her health has improved appreciably since she changed her treatment. **appreciable = large enough to be noticed or measured** ex) The new regulations will not make an appreciable difference to most people. ## Footnote significantly

Question 61

# hoary [ˈhɔːr.i] The mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order **hoary** stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women.

Answer 61

**very old and familiar and therefore not interesting or funny** ex) He told a few hoary old jokes and nobody laughed. | 진부한

Question 62

# purview The mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the **purview** of women.

Answer 62

**the limit of someone's responsibility, interest, or activity** ex) Some of the bank's lending operations come under/within the purview of the deputy manager, and some are handled directly by the manager

Question 63

# beckon Once an occupation came to be perceived as ‘female,’ employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits **beckoned**.

Answer 63

**to move your hand or head in a way that tells someone to come nearer** ex) He beckoned to me, as if he wanted to speak to me. ex) "Hey you!" she called, beckoning me over with her finger. | (오라고) 손짓하다, (손짓으로) 부르다

Question 64

# juxtaposed The central idea is restated and **juxtaposed** with evidence that might appear to contradict it.

Answer 64

**to put things that are not similar next to each other** ex) The exhibition juxtaposes Picasso's early drawings with some of his later works.

Question 65

# appropriate because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often **appropriated** by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege.

Answer 65

**1 to take or use (something) especially in a way that is illegal, unfair.** ex) The economy has been weakened by corrupt officials who have appropriated the country's resources for their own use. **2 to get or save (money) for a specific use or purpose** ex) The town has appropriated funds to repair the bridge and work should begin this summer. ## Footnote steal(take)

Question 66

# locomotion “In general,” they reported, “the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with their ability to stimulate **locomotion** in the mouse.

Answer 66

**the ability to move**

Question 67

# extant [ekˈstænt] Apart from Alfred's surviving translation and law code, there are only two other **extant** works from the same dialect and milieu, so it is risky to assume here that linguistic similarities point to common authorship.

Answer 67

**used to refer to something very old that is still existing** ex) Two fourteenth-century manuscripts of this text are still extant.

Question 68

# unfounded Thus, the Sondland Education Commission's prediction of a teacher shortage as early as next academic year is **unfounded**.

Answer 68

**If a claim or piece of news is unfounded, it is not based on fact** ex) Trump Stokes Unfounded Cheating Claims in Pivotal Pennsylvania ## Footnote baseless, groundless

Question 69

# confer [ kənˈfɜː(r) ] But some observers questioned why, if IT had **conferred** economic value, it did not produce direct competitive advantages for individual firms.

Answer 69

**1. to discuss something important in order to make a decision** He wanted to confer with his colleagues before reaching a decision. **2. to give (something, such as a degree, award, title, right, etc.) to someone or something** An honorary degree was conferred on him by Oxford University in 2001.

Question 70

# glean [ ɡliːn ] The first indications of seasonal variations in the earth's rotation **were gleaned by** the use of Shortt clocks.

Answer 70

**to gather or collect (something) in a gradual way and often with difficulty.** ex) These figures have been gleaned from a number of studies. ## Footnote obtain

Question 71

# trace However, tests show no more than trace quantities of herbicides in partridges on herbicide treated land.

Answer 71

**a very small amount of something** ex) The post-mortem revealed traces of poison in his stomach. ex) She speaks English without any trace of an accent.

Question 72

# draw on In interpreting these stories, the listeners had to draw on a relatively mature sense of human psychology in order to tell whether harm was produced intentionally or accidentally.

Answer 72

**If you draw on or draw upon something such as your skill or experience, you make use of it in order to do something.** ex) He drew on his experience as a yachtsman to make a documentary program.

Question 73

# clam·or Public clamor over unsanitary practices in the meat-packing industry pressured legislators into enacting regulations costly to the industry.

Answer 73

**If people are clamoring for something, they are demanding it in a noisy or angry way.** ex) Crypto CEOs Clamor for Access to Trump as Inauguration Day Nears

Question 74

# obviate [ˈɑːb.vi.eɪt] Companies can eliminate pollution and follow the basic principles of the quality revolution by using materials more efficiently, by obviating the need for hazardous and hard-to-handle materials, and by eliminating unneeded activities.

Answer 74

**(formal) to make (something) no longer necessary** ex) This new evidence obviates the need for any further enquiries.

Question 75

# ob·lit·er·ate [ əˈblɪtəreɪt ] Takaki sees the key to this experience in an emerging sense of class identity within the Hawaiian labor force, superseding and transcending (although not obliterating) ethnicity.

Answer 75

**If something obliterates an object or place, it destroys it completely.** ex) Los Angeles wildfires obliterate entire neighbourhoods ex) Who believes AI will obliterate all forms of creativity?

Question 76

# supersede The principle of amicitial, the responsible friendship that was a sacred agreement for the Roman politician, must supersede the principles of the client-patron relationship.

Answer 76

**to replace something, especially something older or more old-fashioned** ex) Lying To Your Therapist Is Being Superseded By Telling The Truth To Generative AI. ## Footnote replace

Question 77

# relinquish Although women relinquished their portion of land when they married, marriage enabled them to acquire other land and goods essential to establishing a new household.

Answer 77

**to give up something such as a responsibility or claim** ex) They lost the war that ensued(=followed), then relinquished power under duress(=threat/pressure).

Question 78

# leaven [ ˈlevn ] The Egyptians, however, did not discover leavened bread until about 3000 B. C.

Answer 78

**n. a substance (such as yeast) that makes dough rise and become light before it is baked** **v. o add leaven to (bread, dough, etc.)** **v. to make (something) less serious and often more exciting** ex) Even a speech on a serious subject should be leavened with a little humour. | n. 효모, 이스트 / v. 발효시키다

Question 79

# husk That discovery roughly coincided with the introduction of a wheat variety that was preferable to previous varieties because its edible kernel could be removed from the husk without first toasting the grain.

Answer 79

**a dry layer that covers some seeds and fruits** | (특히 곡물의) 겉껍질

Question 80

# prerogative The company’s review process does not interfere with the prerogative of physicians, in cases where more than one effective procedure is available, to select the one they personally prefer.

Answer 80

**a right or privilege** ex) A father’s forgiveness, a president’s prerogative (Hunter Biden)

Question 81

# latent One proposed explanation for such recoveries is that the right side of the brain, which is not usually the major language center, develops its latent language capabilities to compensate for the damage to the left side.

Answer 81

**present but needing particular conditions to become active, obvious, or completely developed** ex) We're trying to bring out the latent artistic talents that many people possess without realizing it. **c.f. dormant** **Something that is dormant is not active or growing but has the ability to be active at a later time** 휴면기의, 활동을 중단한 ex) The long-dormant volcano has recently shown signs of erupting. | 잠재하는, 잠복해 있는

Question 82

# strait Most business historians give the impression that Marseilles, a French Mediterranean city, was in dire economic straits from 1700 to 1715, when France was at war in the Mediterranean area

Answer 82

**1. a narrow area of sea that connects two larger areas of sea** **2. [plural] a very difficult situation** ex) The factory is in dire straits

Question 83

# myopic The United States internal capital market-the system by which individual companies allocate their own investment capital-can be just as myopic, largely because it uses the same valuation methods that outside investors use.

Answer 83

**short-sighted** ex) Their myopic refusal to act now will undoubtedly cause problems in the future.

Question 84

# poignant Faue stresses the importance of women's contribution to the development of unions at the community level, contributions that made women's ultimate fate within the city's labor movement all the more poignant

Answer 84

**Emotionally moving or deeply touching** ex) The movie's poignant ending left the entire audience in tears.

Question 85

# begrudge Nearly one-third of Britain's women were already performing paid work (some in such home-based trades as sewing and childcare) when the war broke out, and the nation only begrudgingly admitted women to paid war work after the failure of such alternatives as importing foreign male laborers.

Answer 85

**1. to feel unhappy because someone has something that you think they do not deserve** ex) She's worked hard to get where she is. You shouldn't begrudge her the success she's earned. **2. to allow or give unwillingly** ex) Begrudging respect for DJT ex) I begrudge every second I spent trying to help him. begrudgingly = reluctantly

Question 86

# temperance Baker concludes that, while voting and holding office were restricted to men, women in the nineteenth century organized themselves into societies committed to social issues such as temperance and poverty.

Answer 86

**1 [old-fashioned] the practice of drinking little or no alcohol** ex) The Temperance Movement in the 19th century sought to ban alcohol consumption. **2 [formal] the practice of always controlling your actions, thoughts, or feelings so that you do not eat or drink too much, become too angry, etc.** ex) Her temperance in eating and drinking helped her maintain good health. ex) Financial temperance is key to avoiding unnecessary debt and saving money. | (도덕적·종교적 신념에 따른) 금주; 절제, 자제

Question 87

# squire Fourth, a high proportion of English villagers lived under paternalistic resident squires.

Answer 87

**in the past in England, a man who owned most of the land around a village**

Question 88

# inconsequential inconsequential but interesting

Answer 88

**not important** ex) don't want to bicker with you about such inconsequential matters ## Footnote trivial, insignificant, unimportant

Question 89

# commend highly commendable

Answer 89

**to formally praise someone or something** ex) Standoff at Livingston Starbucks resolved peacefully, residents commend officers.

Question 90

# derivative largely derivative

Answer 90

If something is derivative, it is not the result of new ideas, but has been developed from something else. ex) Many modern superhero movies feel derivative of earlier classics. | 파생물, 파생어 / 새롭지 않은 ## Footnote by-product, spin-off / unoriginal

Question 91

# spate A recent spate of launching and operating mishaps with television satellites led to a corresponding surge in claims against companies underwriting satellite insurance.

Answer 91

**a larger number of events than usual, especially unpleasant ones, happening at about the same time** ex) Police are investigating a spate of burglaries in the Kingsland Road area. | (보통 불쾌한 일의) 빈발 ## Footnote series

Question 92

# mishap [ˈmɪs.hæp] A recent spate of launching and operating mishaps with television satellites led to a corresponding surge in claims against companies underwriting satellite insurance.

Answer 92

** an unlucky event or accident** ex) Despite a few mishaps, the event was a great success. ex) A small mishap in the lab caused the experiment to fail. ## Footnote accident

Question 93

# underwrite A recent spate of launching and operating mishaps with television satellites led to a corresponding surge in claims against companies underwriting satellite insurance.

Answer 93

**to give money to support (something, such as a new business) and agree to be responsible for any losses if it fails** ex) He underwrote a friend's development company in New York. **to agree to pay for a certain kind of loss or damage by offering (an insurance policy)** ex) Why should insurance companies underwrite policies for people moving into areas that have a high probability of wildfires? **to agree to buy (shares) that are not bought by investors when the shares are first offered for sale** ex) The investment bank agreed to underwrite the company's IPO, ensuring the successful sale of its shares. | 보증하다, 인수하다 ## Footnote sponsor, support, back, insure

Question 94

# exigencies As hospital exigencies quickly came to dominate the decision-making process in the training schools, nursing educators lost control over admission standards, the quality of education, and the labor of students on the wards.

Answer 94

**an urgent need or demand** ex) women worked long hours when the exigencies of the family economy demanded it

Question 95

# foregoing But limiting specialization to reduce risk may mean foregoing important immediate benefits to avoid possible future losses.

Answer 95

**to give up the use or enjoyment of (something)** ex) No one was prepared to forgo their lunch hour to attend the meeting.

Question 96

# profusion [ prəˈfjuːʒn ] Classical music’s current meager popularity is attributable to the profusion of other genres of music available to listeners.

Answer 96

**an extremely large amount of something** ex) Within a month, Turning Point would receive a profusion of six-figure donations from Dunn and others.

Question 97

# pertinent [ ˈpɜːrtnənt ] Which of the following, if it were discovered, would be pertinent evidence against the speculation above?

Answer 97

**relating directly to the subject being considered** ex) Please keep your comments pertinent to the topic under discussion. c.f. pertain (formal) to relate to someone or something ex) Her research pertains to climate change. ## Footnote relevant

Question 98

# grraft They operated in a pre-industrial world, grafting a system of capitalist international trade onto a pre-modern system of artisan and peasant production

Answer 98

**(technical) to attach (a part of a plant) to another plant** **(medical) to attach (a piece of skin, muscle, or bone) to a part of the body** **graft sth onto sth** **to try to combine one idea, method, etc. with another, especially when the two things are very different** ex) to try to combine one idea, method, etc. with another, especially when the two things are very different: | 이식하다, 접목하다

Question 99

# germinate Seed germination is a more reliable measure of a species’ fitness than seed production.

Answer 99

**to (cause a seed to) start growing** ex) The beans will only germinate if the temperature is warm enough. ex) An idea for a novel began to germinate in her mind. | 싹트다, 시작되다; 싹트게 하다

Question 100

# tributaries 40 percent of the water from upstream tributaries is diverted to neighboring areas.

Answer 100

**a stream that flows into a larger stream or river or into a lake** | (강의) 지류

Question 101

# longitudinal The recommendation is based on the results of a controlled longitudinal study conducted in three schools within a single city.

Answer 101

**Longitudinal research is done on people or groups over a long period of time** **of or relating to longitude**

Question 102

# preclude [ prɪˈkluːd ] A cluster of stars at the center would preclude the existence of certain other astronomical phenomena that have been observed at the center of M87.

Answer 102

**to make (something) impossible, to prevent (something) from happening** ex) His contract precludes him from discussing his work with anyone outside the company.

Question 103

# ker·nel [ ˈkɜːrnl ] That discovery roughly coincided with the introduction of a wheat variety that was preferable to previous varieties because its edible kernel could be removed from the husk without first toasting the grain.

Answer 103

**The edible or central part of a seed or nut, such as a corn kernel** c.f. Seed: the basic unit of plant reproduction. ## Footnote seed, essence

Question 104

# formulate Scientists have yet to formulate a definitive explanation for Henyey’s findings.

Answer 104

**express (an idea) in a concise or systematic way** ex) She has lots of good ideas, but she has difficulty formulating them.

Question 105

# exploit the author of Sviatovin intended it to provide as accurate a report about Prince Sviatov's exploits as possible

Answer 105

**something unusual, brave, or funny that someone has done** ex) He enjoys talking about his youthful exploits

Question 106

# be laced with Chickens do not have taste receptors for capsaicin and will readily eat feed laced with capsaicin.

Answer 106

**If food or drink is laced with alcohol or a drug, a small amount has been added to it** ex) coffee laced with brandy

Question 107

# catapult [ ˈkætəpʌlt ] The rotation twists the fabric of space around the black hole, catapulting out some of the inflowing gas in two opposing jets.

Answer 107

**If someone or something catapults or is catapulted through the air, they are thrown very suddenly, quickly, and violently through it.** ex) When the two cars collided, he was catapulted out of his seat. cf. sling to throw something somewhere in a careless way | v. (갑자기) 내던지다[내던져지다] ; n. 새총, 투석기

Question 108

# treatise The attribution of the choral work Lacrimae to the composer Pescard (1400 – 1474) has been regarded as tentative, since it was based on a single treatise from the early 1500’s that named Pescard as the composer.

Answer 108

**a formal piece of writing that examines a particular subject** c.f. **A thesis** is a student-written, argument-driven work for a degree that aims to prove a specific claim. **A treatise** is a standalone, exposition-based work by a scholar that deeply analyzes or explains a subject.

Question 109

# vindicate Although this "localization" approach was largely dismissed by scientists between the 1920s and the 1950s, the research performed by the neurologist Norman Geschwind seems to have vindicated the theories of Broca and Wernicke.

Answer 109

**to show that (someone) should not be blamed for a crime, mistake, etc.; to show that (someone) is not guilty** ex) New evidence emerged, vindicating him completely. **to show that (someone or something that has been criticized or doubted) is correct, true, or reasonable** ex) These discoveries vindicate their theory. ## Footnote justify

Question 110

# dependable The more dependable a machine is, however, the less dependable is its human operator's performance in repairing occasional malfunctions of the machine

Answer 110

**reliable**

Question 111

# disseminate [ dɪˈsemɪneɪt ] The sports association should restrict how audio and video clips of its sports events can be disseminated.

Answer 111

**to spread information or ideas** ex) They are using Facebook to disseminate political propaganda.

Question 112

# eschew One travel agency has eschewed the traditional route altogether.

Answer 112

**to avoid (something) especially because you do not think it is right, proper, etc.** ex) Good writers often eschew clichés to keep their work original. ex) Many minimalists eschew clutter to create a calming environment. ## Footnote abstain from, refrain from

Question 113

# unravel [ ʌnˈrævl ] The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals.

Answer 113

**untangle** ex) The discovery will help scientists unravel the mystery of the Ice Age.

Question 114

# equivocal [ ɪˈkwɪvəkl ] The argument draws its conclusion by means of an equivocal interpretation of key terms.

Answer 114

**If you are equivocal, you are deliberately vague in what you say, because you want to avoid speaking the truth or making a decision.** ex) She gave an equivocal answer, typical of a politician ↔ unequivocal ## Footnote ambiguous

Question 115

# all but Many fairly common amphibian species, declared all but extinct after severe declines in the 1950s and 1960s, have subsequently recovered.

Answer 115

**almost**

Question 116

# de·bili·tate According to a review of 61 studies of patients suffering from severely debilitating depression, a large majority of the patients reported that missing a night's sleep immediately lifted their depression.

Answer 116

**to make someone or something physically weak** ex) Chemotherapy exhausted and debilitated him.

Question 117

# stratum (singular) / strata (plural) The answer lies in the varying structures of the rock strata and the different permeabilities such structures engender.

Answer 117

**one of usually many layers of a substance (such as rock)** | (암석 등의) 층, 지층, 단층

Question 118

# tenet [ ˈtenɪt ] According to the passage, which of the following was one of the tenets held by Romantic artists?

Answer 118

**a belief or idea that is very important to a group** c.f. tenant [ˈtenənt ] | 주의, 교리

Question 119

# corroborate [ kəˈrɑbəreɪt ] Based on indirect evidence, it drew conclusions that Donnelly's research corroborated through direct observations of weather phenomena.

Answer 119

**to support (a statement, theory, etc.) by providing information or evidence** ex) Recent research seems to corroborate his theory. c.f. collaborate

Question 120

# her·edi·tary [ həˈredɪteri ] Susceptibility to classical migraines is more dependent on hereditary factors than is susceptibility to common migraines.

Answer 120

**(of characteristics or diseases) passing from a parent to a child through the genes** ex) Is heart disease hereditary? **(of titles and positions in society) passing from a parent to a child as a right** ex) Most monarchies are hereditary. | 유전적인, 세습되는 ## Footnote genetic, inherited

Question 121

# spurious [ ˈspjʊriəs ] Nevertheless, these facts do not warrant the conclusion drawn by some commentators that in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious.

Answer 121

**false or fake, often used to describe something that appears to be true but isn't.** ex) He made a spurious claim about his qualifications.

Question 122

# beset [ bɪˈset ] In one such city, Leo writes, parking complaints that would be "considered laughable" in the Canadian city of Vancouver are "offered as reasons for not spending time in a downtown that is beset by urban decay.

Answer 122

**to cause problems or difficulties for (someone or something)** ex) Seattle’s Little Saigon, beset by crime, looks for a way forward

Question 123

# allegiance [ əˈliːdʒəns ] A number of scholars argue that most corporate employees feel more allegiance to small groups of co-workers than to their corporation as a whole

Answer 123

**loyalty and support for a ruler, country, group, or belief** ex) We all had to pledge allegiance to the flag c.f. **Allegiance** is a formal or public commitment, often to a nation or cause. **Loyalty** is a personal and emotional devotion to a person, group, or principle.

Question 124

# perversion This type of species tampering is a perversion of the ideal of wildlife management and will irrevocably transform our national landscape.

Answer 124

v. pervert **to change something so that it is not what it was or should be** ex) Some scientific discoveries have been perverted to create weapons of destruction.

Question 125

# deluge This suggests that most of the animals whose bones are found in opisthotonos died from suffocation, probably trapped by a sudden mud slide or other deluge.

Question 126

# indispensable However, it is likely that this activity reflected passing thoughts that are not an indispensable part of arithmetical reasoning processes.

Question 127

# dole out ­The Apollo specimens held by the United States are doled out in ultra-small samples to scientists who demonstrate that nothing else will suffice for high-value experiments

Question 128

# speck Some melt the soil and vaporize and recondense as glassy coats on other specks of dust.

Question 129

# jagged Currently, three new simulants are being developed. Two will represent the Moon's dry seas region and polar highlands region. A third will represent the glassy, jagged edges of lunar dust that test the best of hardware and humans.

Question 130

# afoot Efforts are now afoot to manufacture 16 metric tons of JSC-1A, with 1 ton of fine grains, 14 tons of moderately fine, and 1 ton of coarse.

Question 131

# coarse Efforts are now afoot to manufacture 16 metric tons of JSC-1A, with 1 ton of fine grains, 14 tons of moderately fine, and 1 ton of coarse.

Question 132

# solidarity In a 1918 editorial, W.E.B. Du Bois advised African Americans to stop agitating for equality and to proclaim their solidarity with White Americans for the duration of the First World War.

Question 133

# recessive White tigers are neither a species nor a subspecies, but appear as a result of a recessive trait that rarely occurs in the wild. (recede)

Question 134

# partisan Photography in Europe was largely guided by the notions of the picturesque, the important, and the beautiful. Americans, less convinced of the permanence of any basic social arrangements, experts on the “reality” of change, have more often made photography partisan.

Answer 134

biased

Question 135

# imperious But even at its most moralistic, documentary photography was always imperious in another sense.

Answer 135

c.f. imperial

Question 136

# muckraking Both detached traveler’s report and the more forthright angry muckraking reflect the urge to appropriate an exotic reality.

Answer 136

Meta’s Efforts to Block a Muckraking Exposé Make ‘Careless People’ a Must-Read Book

Question 137

# consecrate The photographer both loots and preserves, denounces and consecrates.

Question 138

# repudiate They repudiated Garvey's message of pride and unity.