GMAT Flashcards
epithet [ ˈepɪθet ]
ex) Warao mourners also use irony as an effective verbal strategy: they may, for example, use mocking epithets in reference to high-ranking figures.
1. a word or phrase that describes a person or thing
ex) The film is long and dramatic but does not quite earn the epithet ‘epic’.
2. an offensive word or name that is used as a way of abusing or insulting someone
ex) Woman and child seen writing a racist epithet and lewd drawing at Highland Park Elementary School playground
discourse [ˈdɪs.kɔːrs ]
In one lament, for example, the singer offers her own positive interpretation of her deceased son’s behavior while characterizing community officials’ discussions of that behavior not as the authoritative discourse of leaders but as idle talk
the use of words to exchange thoughts and ideas
ex) He was hoping for some lively political discourse at the meeting.
blatant [ ˈbleɪtnt ]
It is unlikely that the book’s author suppressed as blatant fabrication any references Marco Polo might have made to the Great Wall.
You use blatant to describe something bad that is done in an open or very obvious way.
ex) Outsiders will continue to suffer the most blatant discrimination.
subdue [səbˈduː]
The sturdy forelimbs of Quetzalcoatlus could have helped it to subdue its prey when not in flight
1. to get control of (a violent or dangerous person or group) by using force, punishment, etc.
ex) Senior government officials admit they have not been able to subdue the rebels.
2. to get control of (something, such as a strong emotion)
ex) Julia had to subdue an urge to stroke his hair
1. 진압하다 2. 가라앉히다
afford
However, the protection afforded to traders who found themselves victims of the fraudulent imitation of their marks was scattered across different sources.
to give
ex) tree affords some shelter from the sun.
ex) music affords her pleasure
encumber [ ɪnˈkʌmbə(r) ]
Unencumbered by laws requiring that they cease work, older people in the early- and mid-nineteenth-century United States apparently labored until they chose to stop.
to make (someone or something) hold or carry something heavy
ex) When we forgive and develop these other positive emotions we become less encumbered by the scars of the past.
unencumbered:
1. not having any burden or impediment
ex) Anonymous posting enables honest expression, unencumbered by identity.
2. free of debt or other financial liability.
ex) It’s constant with our strategy acquiring unencumbered assets that typically need some investment in capital.
지장을 주다
hamper, hinder
inertia
The bank managers did not recognize the level of customer inertia in the consumer banking industry that arises from the inconvenience of switching banks.
1. lack of movement or activity especially when movement or activity is wanted or needed
ex) The organization is stifled by bureaucratic inertia
ex) I can’t seem to throw off this feeling of inertia.
2. (physics) the physical force that keeps something in the same position or moving in the same direction
활발하지 못함, 무력 ; (물리) 관성
inactivity
precursor [ priːˈkɜː.sər ]
After citing a precursor of a theory, the author outlines and refutes the theory, then links its flaw to the precursor.
a person or thing that comes before another of the same kind
ex) Biological research has often been a precursor to medical breakthroughs
forerunner, predecessor
seer [sɪr]
These writers’ faith in the imagination and in themselves as practitioners of imagination led them to conceive of the writer as a seer and enabled them to achieve supreme confidence in their own moral and metaphysical insights.
[literary] someone who predicts things that will happen in the future
ex) Unlike the visionary and the seer, the artist in pursuit of a new goal finds no subliminal apparatus ready to serve him
prophet, fortune teller
theology
the study of religion and religious belief
신학
scorn
n. Researchers greeted the proposal with scorn.
v. Several leading officers have quite openly scorned the peace talks.
n. a very strong feeling of no respect for someone or something that you think is stupid or has no value
v. to show scorn for someone or something
Scorn: Openly ridiculing or mocking something deemed unworthy.
Contempt: Quiet, internalized disapproval with a sense of superiority.
Disdain: Detached and aloof disregard, often expressed passively.
Despise: Intense personal hatred or loathing for someone or something.
fledgling [ˈfledʒ.lɪŋ]
To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z banned imports of the types of products those industries were starting to make.
1. a young bird that has grown feathers and is learning to fly
2. new and without experience
ex) The current economic climate is particularly difficult for fledgling businesses.
cf. full-fledged: fully developed
predicate v. [ˈpredɪkeɪt ]
This approach is predicated on a traditional hierarchical workplace with a top-down decision-making structure.
1. to say that something is true
ex) It would be unwise to predicate that the disease is caused by a virus before further tests have been carried out.
2. base something on
ex) Mergers predicated on scale often fail to yield promised efficiencies
(사실이라고) 단정하다; 특정 신조·생각·원칙에 …의) 근거를 두다, 입각하다
incipient [ɪnˈsɪp.i.ənt]
A symptom of the incipient decline of a society is its inability to produce what its own citizens regard as necessary for a reasonably prosperous life.
just beginning
ex) an incipient economic recovery
discern [dɪˈsɜːn]
Even if a substance in drinking water is a public health hazard, scientists may not have discerned which adverse health effects, if any, it has caused.
to see, recognize, or understand something that is not clear
ex) You need a long series of data to be able to discern such a trend.
Discern: Detecting something subtle or unclear through careful thought.
Distinguish: Noticing clear differences between two or more things.
Recognize: Realizing something is familiar based on prior knowledge or experience.
Spot: Quickly or unexpectedly noticing something that might be hard to see.
알아차리다
regimen [ˈredʒɪmən]
Many patients who take perxicillin experience severe side effects within the first few days of their prescribed regimen.
a plan or set of rules about food, exercise, etc., to make someone become or stay healthy
ex) After his heart attack the doctor put him on a strict regimen.
운동 및 식이 요법
exhaust
The two hypotheses do not exhaust the possibilities regarding foration processes for sorted circles.
to use something completely
(If you have exhausted a subject or topic, you have talked about it so much that there is nothing more to say about it.)
ex) I’m afraid he’s exhausted my patience.
ex) I think we’ve exhausted that particular topic.
다 써 버리다 -> (어떤 주제에 대해) 샅샅이[철저히] 다루다
parity [ ˈpærəti ]
It needed to be improved to attain parity with the service provided by competing banks.
equality, especially of pay or position
ex) Firefighters are demanding pay parity with police.
provisional [ prəˈvɪʒənl ]
An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest.
existing or accepted for the present time but likely to be changed
ex) Supreme Court allows Pennsylvania to count contested provisional ballots, rejecting Republican plea
temporary
discount
This year it is likely he finally will, since those who have discounted the possibility of a Bergeron candidacy have always pointed to the necessity of making financial disclosure as the main obstacle to such a candidacy.
to decide that something or someone is not worth considering or giving attention
ex) We cannot discount the possibility of further strikes.
Dismiss suggests quick rejection or ruling out.
Disregard implies ignoring deliberately or not giving attention.
Discount means undervaluing or minimizing significance or credibility
dismiss, disregard
disinterested
Oral narratives are no more likely than are written narratives to provide a disinterested commentary on events or people.
not influenced by personal feelings, opinions, or concerns
ex) a banker is under an obligation to give disinterested advice
c.f. uninterested (= not interested)
objective, unbiased, impartial
ramification [ ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃn ]
the ramifications of political and social relations between women and men.
The ramifications of a decision, plan, or event are all its consequences and effects, especially ones which are not obvious at first.
ex) They didn’t foresee the financial ramifications of the policy change.
consequence, result, aftermath, outcome
foreshadow [ fɔːrˈʃædoʊ ]
Given this failure, Duverger’s study foreshadowed the enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach to the multinational study of women’s political participation.
If something foreshadows an event or situation, it suggests that it will happen.
ex) Warren Buffett’s 8-Quarter Streak Appears to Foreshadow Trouble for Wall Street. For eight straight quarters, Buffett and his team have (almost certainly) sold more stock than they’ve purchased.
indicate, portend
enduring [ ɪnˈdʊr.ɪŋ]
Given this failure, Duverger’s study foreshadowed the enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach to the multinational study of women’s political participation.
existing for a long time
ex) Opinion | Trump, Harris and the Enduring Symbolism of McDonald’s
ex) Russia’s Enduring Presence in the Middle East.
The Kremlin’s Middle East diplomacy is driven by its rivalry with the West, the imperative to defend deep-rooted Russian interests in the region, and a desire to project power and influence well beyond its periphery.
lasting, long-lasting
con·comi·tant [kənˈkɒm.ɪ.tənt]
Is it possible to decrease inflation without causing a recession and its concomitant increase in unemployment?
adj + noun happening at the same time as something else
ex) Any increase in students means a concomitant increase in money for the university.
ex) Loss of memory is a natural concomitant of old age.
constellation [ˌkɑːn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən]
Alignments in the temple were also found to point toward the position, at the summer solstice, of a constellation known in Andean culture as the Fox.
a group of stars that forms a particular shape in the sky and has been given a name
별자리
comparable [ˈkɑːm.pɚ.ə.bəl]
Among those participants who had music instruction once every two weeks, ratings on the spatial reasoning tasks were comparable to those received by participants who had instruction each week.
used to say that two or more things are very similar and can be compared to each other
ex) A comparable house in the south of the city would cost twice as much.
similar
flesh out
A response to the problem mentioned in the first paragraph is presented in the second paragraph and is supported and fleshed out in later paragraphs.
to add more details or information to something
ex) These points were fleshed out in the later parts of the speech.
~에 살을 붙이다
unilateral
This must be an international effort, because unilateral geoengineering could have detrimental consequences.
A unilateral decision or action is taken by only one of the groups, organizations, or countries that are involved in a particular situation, without the agreement of the others.
일반적인, 단독의
levy [ˈlev.i]
Middletown levies its real-estate tax as a percentage of a property’s assessed value.
(of a government or organization) to demand an amount of money, such as a tax, from a person or organization
ex) A new tax was levied on consumers of luxury goods.
impose, charge
heuristic [hjuːˈrɪs.tɪk]
The way people use decision heuristics (rules of thumb) to simplify complex, information-rich decision tasks may explain the success of top-down selling.
using experience to learn and improve
ex) Heuristics aren’t taught in medical school and are in fact discouraged.
ex) Decision-making will be of a heuristic nature.
attrition [əˈtrɪʃ.ən]
if the attrition problem cannot be successfully addressed, Hachnut should discontinue the sponsorship program.
1 gradually making something weaker and destroying it, especially the strength or confidence of an enemy by repeatedly attacking it:
ex) Terrorist groups and the government have been engaged in a costly war of attrition since 2008.
2 [chiefly US formal] a reduction in the number of employees or participantsthat occurs when people leave because they resign, retire, etc., and are not replaced
ex) The staff has been thinned through attrition. [=the staff has become smaller because people have left]
wearing down, weakening
1.소모 2. (수 등의) 감소, 축소
outstripping
It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand,
to be or become better, greater, or larger than (someone or something)
ex) Demand is outstripping supply.
ex) Their latest computer outstrips all its rivals.
outrun, surpass
bulge [bʌldʒ]
Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements.
VERB: to stick out in a rounded lump
ex) His eyes bulged.
VERB: to be completely filled with something
ex) Her pockets were bulging with presents.
NOUN: a rounded lump on the surface of something
ex) the bulge of a gun in his pocket
palatable [ˈpæl.pə.bəl]
To make them palatable, zinc lozenges generally contains other ingredients, such as citric acid, that can interfere with the chemical activity of zinc.
You describe something as palpable when it is obvious or intense and easily noticed.
ex) The tension between Amy and Jim is palpable.
obvious, apparent
demise [dɪˈmaɪz]
They conclude that the postwar demise of this vital alliance constituted a lost opportunity for the civil rights movement that followed the war.
an end of life, death.
the end of something that was previously considered to be powerful, such as a business, industry, or system.
ex) Much has been written about the circumstances surrounding her demise.
종말
entrench [ɪnˈtrentʃ]
While union representatives often voiced this inclusive ideal, in practice unions far more often favored entrenched interests.
to firmly establish something, especially an idea or a problem, so that it cannot be changed
ex) Sexism is deeply entrenched in our society.
ex) The government’s main task was to prevent inflation from entrenching itself.
Established
dissipate
Thunderstorms that occur in drifting clouds of smoke have extra positive-charge strikes weeks after the charge of the smoke particles has dissipated.
to (cause to) gradually disappear
ex) His anger dissipated as the situation became clear.
ex) The heat gradually dissipates into the atmosphere.
When someone dissipates money, time, or effort, they waste it in a foolish way.
ex) He is dissipating his time and energy on too many different things.
소멸하다
disappear
catalyst
The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical workers, however, identifies the primary catalyst.
a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen more quickly
a person or event that quickly causes change or action
ex) I very much hope that this case will prove to be a catalyst for change.
촉매(제), (변화의) 기폭제
