GMAT Flashcards
epithet [ ˈepɪθet ]
ex) Warao mourners also use irony as an effective verbal strategy: they may, for example, use mocking epithets in reference to high-ranking figures.
1. a word or phrase that describes a person or thing
ex) The film is long and dramatic but does not quite earn the epithet ‘epic’.
2. an offensive word or name that is used as a way of abusing or insulting someone
ex) Woman and child seen writing a racist epithet and lewd drawing at Highland Park Elementary School playground
discourse [ˈdɪs.kɔːrs ]
In one lament, for example, the singer offers her own positive interpretation of her deceased son’s behavior while characterizing community officials’ discussions of that behavior not as the authoritative discourse of leaders but as idle talk
the use of words to exchange thoughts and ideas
ex) He was hoping for some lively political discourse at the meeting.
blatant [ ˈbleɪtnt ]
It is unlikely that the book’s author suppressed as blatant fabrication any references Marco Polo might have made to the Great Wall.
You use blatant to describe something bad that is done in an open or very obvious way.
ex) Outsiders will continue to suffer the most blatant discrimination.
subdue [səbˈduː]
The sturdy forelimbs of Quetzalcoatlus could have helped it to subdue its prey when not in flight
1. to get control of (a violent or dangerous person or group) by using force, punishment, etc.
ex) Senior government officials admit they have not been able to subdue the rebels.
2. to get control of (something, such as a strong emotion)
ex) Julia had to subdue an urge to stroke his hair
1. 진압하다 2. 가라앉히다
afford
However, the protection afforded to traders who found themselves victims of the fraudulent imitation of their marks was scattered across different sources.
to give
ex) tree affords some shelter from the sun.
ex) music affords her pleasure
encumber [ ɪnˈkʌmbə(r) ]
Unencumbered by laws requiring that they cease work, older people in the early- and mid-nineteenth-century United States apparently labored until they chose to stop.
to make (someone or something) hold or carry something heavy
ex) When we forgive and develop these other positive emotions we become less encumbered by the scars of the past.
unencumbered:
1. not having any burden or impediment
ex) Anonymous posting enables honest expression, unencumbered by identity.
2. free of debt or other financial liability.
ex) It’s constant with our strategy acquiring unencumbered assets that typically need some investment in capital.
지장을 주다
hamper, hinder
inertia
The bank managers did not recognize the level of customer inertia in the consumer banking industry that arises from the inconvenience of switching banks.
1. lack of movement or activity especially when movement or activity is wanted or needed
ex) The organization is stifled by bureaucratic inertia
ex) I can’t seem to throw off this feeling of inertia.
2. (physics) the physical force that keeps something in the same position or moving in the same direction
활발하지 못함, 무력 ; (물리) 관성
inactivity
precursor [ priːˈkɜː.sər ]
After citing a precursor of a theory, the author outlines and refutes the theory, then links its flaw to the precursor.
a person or thing that comes before another of the same kind
ex) Biological research has often been a precursor to medical breakthroughs
forerunner, predecessor
seer [sɪr]
These writers’ faith in the imagination and in themselves as practitioners of imagination led them to conceive of the writer as a seer and enabled them to achieve supreme confidence in their own moral and metaphysical insights.
[literary] someone who predicts things that will happen in the future
ex) Unlike the visionary and the seer, the artist in pursuit of a new goal finds no subliminal apparatus ready to serve him
prophet, fortune teller
theology
the study of religion and religious belief
신학
scorn
n. Researchers greeted the proposal with scorn.
v. Several leading officers have quite openly scorned the peace talks.
n. a very strong feeling of no respect for someone or something that you think is stupid or has no value
v. to show scorn for someone or something
Scorn: Openly ridiculing or mocking something deemed unworthy.
Contempt: Quiet, internalized disapproval with a sense of superiority.
Disdain: Detached and aloof disregard, often expressed passively.
Despise: Intense personal hatred or loathing for someone or something.
fledgling [ˈfledʒ.lɪŋ]
To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z banned imports of the types of products those industries were starting to make.
1. a young bird that has grown feathers and is learning to fly
2. new and without experience
ex) The current economic climate is particularly difficult for fledgling businesses.
cf. full-fledged: fully developed
predicate v. [ˈpredɪkeɪt ]
This approach is predicated on a traditional hierarchical workplace with a top-down decision-making structure.
1. to say that something is true
ex) It would be unwise to predicate that the disease is caused by a virus before further tests have been carried out.
2. base something on
ex) Mergers predicated on scale often fail to yield promised efficiencies
(사실이라고) 단정하다; 특정 신조·생각·원칙에 …의) 근거를 두다, 입각하다
incipient [ɪnˈsɪp.i.ənt]
A symptom of the incipient decline of a society is its inability to produce what its own citizens regard as necessary for a reasonably prosperous life.
just beginning
ex) an incipient economic recovery
discern [dɪˈsɜːn]
Even if a substance in drinking water is a public health hazard, scientists may not have discerned which adverse health effects, if any, it has caused.
to see, recognize, or understand something that is not clear
ex) You need a long series of data to be able to discern such a trend.
Discern: Detecting something subtle or unclear through careful thought.
Distinguish: Noticing clear differences between two or more things.
Recognize: Realizing something is familiar based on prior knowledge or experience.
Spot: Quickly or unexpectedly noticing something that might be hard to see.
알아차리다
regimen [ˈredʒɪmən]
Many patients who take perxicillin experience severe side effects within the first few days of their prescribed regimen.
a plan or set of rules about food, exercise, etc., to make someone become or stay healthy
ex) After his heart attack the doctor put him on a strict regimen.
운동 및 식이 요법
exhaust
The two hypotheses do not exhaust the possibilities regarding foration processes for sorted circles.
to use something completely
(If you have exhausted a subject or topic, you have talked about it so much that there is nothing more to say about it.)
ex) I’m afraid he’s exhausted my patience.
ex) I think we’ve exhausted that particular topic.
다 써 버리다 -> (어떤 주제에 대해) 샅샅이[철저히] 다루다
parity [ ˈpærəti ]
It needed to be improved to attain parity with the service provided by competing banks.
equality, especially of pay or position
ex) Firefighters are demanding pay parity with police.
provisional [ prəˈvɪʒənl ]
An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest.
existing or accepted for the present time but likely to be changed
ex) Supreme Court allows Pennsylvania to count contested provisional ballots, rejecting Republican plea
temporary
discount
This year it is likely he finally will, since those who have discounted the possibility of a Bergeron candidacy have always pointed to the necessity of making financial disclosure as the main obstacle to such a candidacy.
to decide that something or someone is not worth considering or giving attention
ex) We cannot discount the possibility of further strikes.
Dismiss suggests quick rejection or ruling out.
Disregard implies ignoring deliberately or not giving attention.
Discount means undervaluing or minimizing significance or credibility
dismiss, disregard
disinterested
Oral narratives are no more likely than are written narratives to provide a disinterested commentary on events or people.
not influenced by personal feelings, opinions, or concerns
ex) a banker is under an obligation to give disinterested advice
c.f. uninterested (= not interested)
objective, unbiased, impartial
ramification [ ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃn ]
the ramifications of political and social relations between women and men.
The ramifications of a decision, plan, or event are all its consequences and effects, especially ones which are not obvious at first.
ex) They didn’t foresee the financial ramifications of the policy change.
consequence, result, aftermath, outcome
foreshadow [ fɔːrˈʃædoʊ ]
Given this failure, Duverger’s study foreshadowed the enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach to the multinational study of women’s political participation.
If something foreshadows an event or situation, it suggests that it will happen.
ex) Warren Buffett’s 8-Quarter Streak Appears to Foreshadow Trouble for Wall Street. For eight straight quarters, Buffett and his team have (almost certainly) sold more stock than they’ve purchased.
indicate, portend
enduring [ ɪnˈdʊr.ɪŋ]
Given this failure, Duverger’s study foreshadowed the enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach to the multinational study of women’s political participation.
existing for a long time
ex) Opinion | Trump, Harris and the Enduring Symbolism of McDonald’s
ex) Russia’s Enduring Presence in the Middle East.
The Kremlin’s Middle East diplomacy is driven by its rivalry with the West, the imperative to defend deep-rooted Russian interests in the region, and a desire to project power and influence well beyond its periphery.
lasting, long-lasting
con·comi·tant [kənˈkɒm.ɪ.tənt]
Is it possible to decrease inflation without causing a recession and its concomitant increase in unemployment?
adj + noun happening at the same time as something else
ex) Any increase in students means a concomitant increase in money for the university.
ex) Loss of memory is a natural concomitant of old age.
constellation [ˌkɑːn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən]
Alignments in the temple were also found to point toward the position, at the summer solstice, of a constellation known in Andean culture as the Fox.
a group of stars that forms a particular shape in the sky and has been given a name
별자리
comparable [ˈkɑːm.pɚ.ə.bəl]
Among those participants who had music instruction once every two weeks, ratings on the spatial reasoning tasks were comparable to those received by participants who had instruction each week.
used to say that two or more things are very similar and can be compared to each other
ex) A comparable house in the south of the city would cost twice as much.
similar
flesh out
A response to the problem mentioned in the first paragraph is presented in the second paragraph and is supported and fleshed out in later paragraphs.
to add more details or information to something
ex) These points were fleshed out in the later parts of the speech.
~에 살을 붙이다
unilateral
This must be an international effort, because unilateral geoengineering could have detrimental consequences.
A unilateral decision or action is taken by only one of the groups, organizations, or countries that are involved in a particular situation, without the agreement of the others.
일반적인, 단독의
levy [ˈlev.i]
Middletown levies its real-estate tax as a percentage of a property’s assessed value.
(of a government or organization) to demand an amount of money, such as a tax, from a person or organization
ex) A new tax was levied on consumers of luxury goods.
impose, charge
heuristic [hjuːˈrɪs.tɪk]
The way people use decision heuristics (rules of thumb) to simplify complex, information-rich decision tasks may explain the success of top-down selling.
using experience to learn and improve
ex) Heuristics aren’t taught in medical school and are in fact discouraged.
ex) Decision-making will be of a heuristic nature.
attrition [əˈtrɪʃ.ən]
if the attrition problem cannot be successfully addressed, Hachnut should discontinue the sponsorship program.
1 gradually making something weaker and destroying it, especially the strength or confidence of an enemy by repeatedly attacking it:
ex) Terrorist groups and the government have been engaged in a costly war of attrition since 2008.
2 [chiefly US formal] a reduction in the number of employees or participantsthat occurs when people leave because they resign, retire, etc., and are not replaced
ex) The staff has been thinned through attrition. [=the staff has become smaller because people have left]
wearing down, weakening
1.소모 2. (수 등의) 감소, 축소
outstripping
It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand,
to be or become better, greater, or larger than (someone or something)
ex) Demand is outstripping supply.
ex) Their latest computer outstrips all its rivals.
outrun, surpass
bulge [bʌldʒ]
Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements.
VERB: to stick out in a rounded lump
ex) His eyes bulged.
VERB: to be completely filled with something
ex) Her pockets were bulging with presents.
NOUN: a rounded lump on the surface of something
ex) the bulge of a gun in his pocket
palatable [ˈpæl.pə.bəl]
To make them palatable, zinc lozenges generally contains other ingredients, such as citric acid, that can interfere with the chemical activity of zinc.
You describe something as palpable when it is obvious or intense and easily noticed.
ex) The tension between Amy and Jim is palpable.
obvious, apparent
demise [dɪˈmaɪz]
They conclude that the postwar demise of this vital alliance constituted a lost opportunity for the civil rights movement that followed the war.
an end of life, death.
the end of something that was previously considered to be powerful, such as a business, industry, or system.
ex) Much has been written about the circumstances surrounding her demise.
종말
entrench [ɪnˈtrentʃ]
While union representatives often voiced this inclusive ideal, in practice unions far more often favored entrenched interests.
to firmly establish something, especially an idea or a problem, so that it cannot be changed
ex) Sexism is deeply entrenched in our society.
ex) The government’s main task was to prevent inflation from entrenching itself.
Established
dissipate
Thunderstorms that occur in drifting clouds of smoke have extra positive-charge strikes weeks after the charge of the smoke particles has dissipated.
to (cause to) gradually disappear
ex) His anger dissipated as the situation became clear.
ex) The heat gradually dissipates into the atmosphere.
When someone dissipates money, time, or effort, they waste it in a foolish way.
ex) He is dissipating his time and energy on too many different things.
소멸하다
disappear
catalyst
The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical workers, however, identifies the primary catalyst.
a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen more quickly
a person or event that quickly causes change or action
ex) I very much hope that this case will prove to be a catalyst for change.
촉매(제), (변화의) 기폭제
contraband [ˈkɑːn.trə.bænd]
In fact, the United States Customs Service reports that CFC-12 is a contraband problem second only to illicit drugs.
goods that are brought into or taken out of the country secretly and illegally
ex) As we opened the container, contraband goods poured out.
밀수품
spiny [ˈspaɪ.ni]
Australian researchers have discovered electroreceptors clustered at the tip of the spiny anteater’s snout.
having or covered with many sharp, pointed parts(=spines)
(동식물이) 가시가 있는
prickly, spiky, thorny
snout
Australian researchers have discovered electroreceptors clustered at the tip of the spiny anteater’s snout.
the nose and mouth that stick out from the face of some animals
주둥이
oblique
Still, researchers have observed anteaters breaking into a nest of ants at an oblique angle and quickly locating nesting chambers.
(of a line) having a slanting direction or position, neither perpendicular nor parallel
ex) Through the window came the last few oblique rays of evening sunshine.
not direct, not stated directly
ex) She made several oblique references to the current financial situation.
(선이) 비스듬한, 사선의; (표현이) 완곡한
chamber
Still, researchers have observed anteaters breaking into a nest of ants at an oblique angle and quickly locating nesting chambers.
a small space inside something
room
constancy [ˈkɑːn.stən.si]
Scientists have advanced three theories of population control to account for this relative constancy.
1. the quality of staying the same, lack of change
ex) In tropical latitudes, patterns in seasonality are less pronounced because of the constancy in climatic characteristics.
2. loyalty
ex) Never doubt the constancy of my love for you.
crass [kræs]
Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans
Crass behaviour is stupid and does not show consideration for other people.
ex) He made crass comments about her worn-out clothes.
insensitive
be slated
several of the roads that are slated for widening will have to be closed temporarily while construction is underway
to be expected to happen in the future or to be expected to be or do something in the future.
ex) He was slated to become U.S. Secretary of Agriculture.
ex) Controversial energy measures are slated for Senate debate within days.
conjecture [kənˈdʒektʃə(r)]
describing and evaluating conjectures about a species’ diet.
a guess about something based on how it seems and not on proof
ex) What was going through the killer’s mind is a matter for conjecture.
ex) We can only conjecture about what was in the killer’s mind.
guess
strew [struː]
Archaeologists had noticed that sixteenth-century Native American sites were strewn with iron bolts and metal pins.
to scatter things over a surface
ex) The park was strewn with litter after the concert.
scatter
antedate
Europeans and Native Americans had established trade protocols, such as body language assuring one another of their peaceful intentions, that antedate the earliest records of trade.
predate, precede
ar·tery
Magnetic resonance Imaging(MRI)-a noninvasive diagnostic procedure can be used to identify blockages in the coronary arteries.
one of the thick tubes that carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body
동맥 (c.f. vein:정맥)
com·men·sur·ate [ kəˈmenʃərət ]
And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a commensurate commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.
equal or similar to something in size, amount, or degree
ex) I am looking for a salary that is commensurate with my skills and experience.
어울리는[상응하는]
equivalent
in·verse·ly
Which of the following describe(s) two quantities that vary inversely?
in the opposite manner, position, or order
ex) One study found that the risk of a stroke is inversely related to eating nuts.
거꾸로, 반대로, 역비례하여
in all likelihood
Charlemagne had his own silver coins minted in large numbers, and in all likelihood foreign coins were melted down to provide the metal for these coins
almost certainly
ex) Anyone who reads this book will fall asleep in all likelihood.
십중팔구
mem·brane [ ˈmembreɪn ]
One promising approach is the loading of medication into liposomes—microscopic sacs (vesicles) made of the same phospholipids that constitute cell membranes.
a thin sheet or layer
ex) The cornea (각막) is the transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye.
(인체 피부·조직의) 막; (식물의) 세포막
inadvertently
A British scientist, Alec D. Bangham, inadvertently produced the first liposomes in 1961 while experimenting with the effect of phospholipids on blood clotting.
unintentionally
ex) he text was edited in a way that inadvertently changed its meaning.
inadvertent = not intentional = accidental
ex) All authors need to be wary of inadvertent copying of other people’s ideas.
advertent = intentional
Damages may be payable if there is advertent wrongdoing.
unwieldy [ʌnˈwiːl.di]
The number of official planets again threatened to become unwieldy.
difficult to handle, control, or deal with because of being large, heavy, or complex.
ex) A treadmill is a very unwieldy item to get down a flight of stairs.
wieldy = easily controlled or handled
wield
1) to hold (something, such as a tool or weapon) in your hands so that you are ready to use it (무기·도구를) 휘두르다, 사용하다
2) to use (power, influence, etc.) 행사하다
concerted [ kənˈsɜːtɪd ]
Because these snakes do not tend to migrate once they have found a productive hunting ground, a concerted eradication program for nonnative snakes along Jackson Creek should eliminate most of the nonnative snakes and thereby stop the decline in the park’s population of small animals.
planned or done together for a shared purpose
ex) The D-Day invasion was a concerted exercise by the armed forces of Britain, the US, and Canada.
manure [ məˈnʊr ]
Producing a liter of milk from cows organically requires 80 percent more land, releases 60 percent more undesirable nutrients from manure into water sources, and contributes 70 percent more to acid rain than does producing milk nonorganically.
solid waste from farm animals that is used to make soil better for growing plants
거름, 거름을 주다
appreciably [əˈpriː.ʃə.bli]
The shade of color of some plants tends to change appreciably over the course of their growing season.
ex) Her health has improved appreciably since she changed her treatment.
appreciable = large enough to be noticed or measured
ex) The new regulations will not make an appreciable difference to most people.
significantly
hoary [ˈhɔːr.i]
The mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women.
very old and familiar and therefore not interesting or funny
ex) He told a few hoary old jokes and nobody laughed.
진부한
purview
The mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women.
the limit of someone’s responsibility, interest, or activity
ex) Some of the bank’s lending operations come under/within the purview of the deputy manager, and some are handled directly by the manager
beckon
Once an occupation came to be perceived as ‘female,’ employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned.
to move your hand or head in a way that tells someone to come nearer
ex) He beckoned to me, as if he wanted to speak to me.
ex) “Hey you!” she called, beckoning me over with her finger.
(오라고) 손짓하다, (손짓으로) 부르다
juxtaposed
The central idea is restated and juxtaposed with evidence that might appear to contradict it.
to put things that are not similar next to each other
ex) The exhibition juxtaposes Picasso’s early drawings with some of his later works.
appropriate
because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege.
1 to take or use (something) especially in a way that is illegal, unfair.
ex) The economy has been weakened by corrupt officials who have appropriated the country’s resources for their own use.
2 to get or save (money) for a specific use or purpose
ex) The town has appropriated funds to repair the bridge and work should begin this summer.
steal(take)
locomotion
“In general,” they reported, “the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse.
the ability to move
extant [ekˈstænt]
Apart from Alfred’s surviving translation and law code, there are only two other extant works from the same dialect and milieu, so it is risky to assume here that linguistic similarities point to common authorship.
used to refer to something very old that is still existing
ex) Two fourteenth-century manuscripts of this text are still extant.
unfounded
Thus, the Sondland Education Commission’s prediction of a teacher shortage as early as next academic year is unfounded.
If a claim or piece of news is unfounded, it is not based on fact
ex) Trump Stokes Unfounded Cheating Claims in Pivotal Pennsylvania
baseless, groundless
confer [ kənˈfɜː(r) ]
But some observers questioned why, if IT had conferred economic value, it did not produce direct competitive advantages for individual firms.
1. to discuss something important in order to make a decision
He wanted to confer with his colleagues before reaching a decision.
2. to give (something, such as a degree, award, title, right, etc.) to someone or something
An honorary degree was conferred on him by Oxford University in 2001.
glean [ ɡliːn ]
The first indications of seasonal variations in the earth’s rotation were gleaned by the use of Shortt clocks.
to gather or collect (something) in a gradual way and often with difficulty.
ex) These figures have been gleaned from a number of studies.
obtain
trace
However, tests show no more than trace quantities of herbicides in partridges on herbicide treated land.
a very small amount of something
ex) The post-mortem revealed traces of poison in his stomach.
ex) She speaks English without any trace of an accent.
draw on
In interpreting these stories, the listeners had to draw on a relatively mature sense of human psychology in order to tell whether harm was produced intentionally or accidentally.
If you draw on or draw upon something such as your skill or experience, you make use of it in order to do something.
ex) He drew on his experience as a yachtsman to make a documentary program.
clam·or
Public clamor over unsanitary practices in the meat-packing industry pressured legislators into enacting regulations costly to the industry.
If people are clamoring for something, they are demanding it in a noisy or angry way.
ex) Crypto CEOs Clamor for Access to Trump as Inauguration Day Nears
obviate [ˈɑːb.vi.eɪt]
Companies can eliminate pollution and follow the basic principles of the quality revolution by using materials more efficiently, by obviating the need for hazardous and hard-to-handle materials, and by eliminating unneeded activities.
(formal) to make (something) no longer necessary
ex) This new evidence obviates the need for any further enquiries.
ob·lit·er·ate [ əˈblɪtəreɪt ]
Takaki sees the key to this experience in an emerging sense of class identity within the Hawaiian labor force, superseding and transcending (although not obliterating) ethnicity.
If something obliterates an object or place, it destroys it completely.
ex) Los Angeles wildfires obliterate entire neighbourhoods
ex) Who believes AI will obliterate all forms of creativity?
supersede
The principle of amicitial, the responsible friendship that was a sacred agreement for the Roman politician, must supersede the principles of the client-patron relationship.
to replace something, especially something older or more old-fashioned
ex) Lying To Your Therapist Is Being Superseded By Telling The Truth To Generative AI.
replace
relinquish
Although women relinquished their portion of land when they married, marriage enabled them to acquire other land and goods essential to establishing a new household.
to give up something such as a responsibility or claim
ex) They lost the war that ensued(=followed), then relinquished power under duress(=threat/pressure).
leaven [ ˈlevn ]
The Egyptians, however, did not discover leavened bread until about 3000 B. C.
n. a substance (such as yeast) that makes dough rise and become light before it is baked
v. o add leaven to (bread, dough, etc.)
v. to make (something) less serious and often more exciting
ex) Even a speech on a serious subject should be leavened with a little humour.
n. 효모, 이스트 / v. 발효시키다
husk
That discovery roughly coincided with the introduction of a wheat variety that was preferable to previous varieties because its edible kernel could be removed from the husk without first toasting the grain.
a dry layer that covers some seeds and fruits
(특히 곡물의) 겉껍질
prerogative
The company’s review process does not interfere with the prerogative of physicians, in cases where more than one effective procedure is available, to select the one they personally prefer.
a right or privilege
ex) A father’s forgiveness, a president’s prerogative (Hunter Biden)
latent
One proposed explanation for such recoveries is that the right side of the brain, which is not usually the major language center, develops its latent language capabilities to compensate for the damage to the left side.
present but needing particular conditions to become active, obvious, or completely developed
ex) We’re trying to bring out the latent artistic talents that many people possess without realizing it.
c.f. dormant
Something that is dormant is not active or growing but has the ability to be active at a later time
휴면기의, 활동을 중단한
ex) The long-dormant volcano has recently shown signs of erupting.
잠재하는, 잠복해 있는
strait
Most business historians give the impression that Marseilles, a French Mediterranean city, was in dire economic straits from 1700 to 1715, when France was at war in the Mediterranean area
1. a narrow area of sea that connects two larger areas of sea
2. [plural] a very difficult situation
ex) The factory is in dire straits
myopic
The United States internal capital market-the system by which individual companies allocate their own investment capital-can be just as myopic, largely because it uses the same valuation methods that outside investors use.
short-sighted
ex) Their myopic refusal to act now will undoubtedly cause problems in the future.
poignant
Faue stresses the importance of women’s contribution to the development of unions at the community level, contributions that made women’s ultimate fate within the city’s labor movement all the more poignant
Emotionally moving or deeply touching
ex) The movie’s poignant ending left the entire audience in tears.
begrudge
Nearly one-third of Britain’s women were already performing paid work (some in such home-based trades as sewing and childcare) when the war broke out, and the nation only begrudgingly admitted women to paid war work after the failure of such alternatives as importing foreign male laborers.
1. to feel unhappy because someone has something that you think they do not deserve
ex) She’s worked hard to get where she is. You shouldn’t begrudge her the success she’s earned.
2. to allow or give unwillingly
ex) Begrudging respect for DJT
ex) I begrudge every second I spent trying to help him.
begrudgingly = reluctantly
temperance
Baker concludes that, while voting and holding office were restricted to men, women in the nineteenth century organized themselves into societies committed to social issues such as temperance and poverty.
1 [old-fashioned] the practice of drinking little or no alcohol
ex) The Temperance Movement in the 19th century sought to ban alcohol consumption.
2 [formal] the practice of always controlling your actions, thoughts, or feelings so that you do not eat or drink too much, become too angry, etc.
ex) Her temperance in eating and drinking helped her maintain good health.
ex) Financial temperance is key to avoiding unnecessary debt and saving money.
(도덕적·종교적 신념에 따른) 금주; 절제, 자제
squire
Fourth, a high proportion of English villagers lived under paternalistic resident squires.
in the past in England, a man who owned most of the land around a village
inconsequential
inconsequential but interesting
not important
ex) don’t want to bicker with you about such inconsequential matters
trivial, insignificant, unimportant
commend
highly commendable
to formally praise someone or something
ex) Standoff at Livingston Starbucks resolved peacefully, residents commend officers.
derivative
largely derivative
If something is derivative, it is not the result of new ideas, but has been developed from something else.
ex) Many modern superhero movies feel derivative of earlier classics.
파생물, 파생어 / 새롭지 않은
by-product, spin-off / unoriginal
spate
A recent spate of launching and operating mishaps with television satellites led to a corresponding surge in claims against companies underwriting satellite insurance.
a larger number of events than usual, especially unpleasant ones, happening at about the same time
ex) Police are investigating a spate of burglaries in the Kingsland Road area.
(보통 불쾌한 일의) 빈발
series
mishap [ˈmɪs.hæp]
A recent spate of launching and operating mishaps with television satellites led to a corresponding surge in claims against companies underwriting satellite insurance.
** an unlucky event or accident**
ex) Despite a few mishaps, the event was a great success.
ex) A small mishap in the lab caused the experiment to fail.
accident
underwrite
A recent spate of launching and operating mishaps with television satellites led to a corresponding surge in claims against companies underwriting satellite insurance.
to give money to support (something, such as a new business) and agree to be responsible for any losses if it fails
ex) He underwrote a friend’s development company in New York.
to agree to pay for a certain kind of loss or damage by offering (an insurance policy)
ex) Why should insurance companies underwrite policies for people moving into areas that have a high probability of wildfires?
to agree to buy (shares) that are not bought by investors when the shares are first offered for sale
ex) The investment bank agreed to underwrite the company’s IPO, ensuring the successful sale of its shares.
보증하다, 인수하다
sponsor, support, back, insure
exigencies
As hospital exigencies quickly came to dominate the decision-making process in the training schools, nursing educators lost control over admission standards, the quality of education, and the labor of students on the wards.
an urgent need or demand
ex) women worked long hours when the exigencies of the family economy demanded it
foregoing
But limiting specialization to reduce risk may mean foregoing important immediate benefits to avoid possible future losses.
to give up the use or enjoyment of (something)
ex) No one was prepared to forgo their lunch hour to attend the meeting.
profusion [ prəˈfjuːʒn ]
Classical music’s current meager popularity is attributable to the profusion of other genres of music available to listeners.
an extremely large amount of something
ex) Within a month, Turning Point would receive a profusion of six-figure donations from Dunn and others.
pertinent [ ˈpɜːrtnənt ]
Which of the following, if it were discovered, would be pertinent evidence against the speculation above?
relating directly to the subject being considered
ex) Please keep your comments pertinent to the topic under discussion.
c.f. pertain
(formal) to relate to someone or something
ex) Her research pertains to climate change.
relevant
grraft
They operated in a pre-industrial world, grafting a system of capitalist international trade onto a pre-modern system of artisan and peasant production
(technical) to attach (a part of a plant) to another plant
(medical) to attach (a piece of skin, muscle, or bone) to a part of the body
graft sth onto sth
to try to combine one idea, method, etc. with another, especially when the two things are very different
ex) to try to combine one idea, method, etc. with another, especially when the two things are very different:
이식하다, 접목하다
germinate
Seed germination is a more reliable measure of a species’ fitness than seed production.
to (cause a seed to) start growing
ex) The beans will only germinate if the temperature is warm enough.
ex) An idea for a novel began to germinate in her mind.
싹트다, 시작되다; 싹트게 하다
tributaries
40 percent of the water from upstream tributaries is diverted to neighboring areas.
a stream that flows into a larger stream or river or into a lake
(강의) 지류
longitudinal
The recommendation is based on the results of a controlled longitudinal study conducted in three schools within a single city.
Longitudinal research is done on people or groups over a long period of time
of or relating to longitude
preclude [ prɪˈkluːd ]
A cluster of stars at the center would preclude the existence of certain other astronomical phenomena that have been observed at the center of M87.
to make (something) impossible, to prevent (something) from happening
ex) His contract precludes him from discussing his work with anyone outside the company.
ker·nel [ ˈkɜːrnl ]
That discovery roughly coincided with the introduction of a wheat variety that was preferable to previous varieties because its edible kernel could be removed from the husk without first toasting the grain.
The edible or central part of a seed or nut, such as a corn kernel
c.f. Seed: the basic unit of plant reproduction.
seed, essence
formulate
Scientists have yet to formulate a definitive explanation for Henyey’s findings.
express (an idea) in a concise or systematic way
ex) She has lots of good ideas, but she has difficulty formulating them.
exploit
the author of Sviatovin intended it to provide as accurate a report about Prince Sviatov’s exploits as possible
something unusual, brave, or funny that someone has done
ex) He enjoys talking about his youthful exploits
be laced with
Chickens do not have taste receptors for capsaicin and will readily eat feed laced with capsaicin.
If food or drink is laced with alcohol or a drug, a small amount has been added to it
ex) coffee laced with brandy
catapult [ ˈkætəpʌlt ]
The rotation twists the fabric of space around the black hole, catapulting out some of the inflowing gas in two opposing jets.
If someone or something catapults or is catapulted through the air, they are thrown very suddenly, quickly, and violently through it.
ex) When the two cars collided, he was catapulted out of his seat.
cf. sling
to throw something somewhere in a careless way
v. (갑자기) 내던지다[내던져지다] ; n. 새총, 투석기
treatise
The attribution of the choral work Lacrimae to the composer Pescard (1400 – 1474) has been regarded as tentative, since it was based on a single treatise from the early 1500’s that named Pescard as the composer.
vindicate
Although this “localization” approach was largely dismissed by scientists between the 1920s and the 1950s, the research performed by the neurologist Norman Geschwind seems to have vindicated the theories of Broca and Wernicke.
