GM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the period of the Pious Caliphs known for?

A

The era of the Pious Caliphs is known for the spread of Islam and the establishment of the Islamic state.

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2
Q

What principles is Islam based on?

A

Islam is based on the universal principles of peace, equality, justice, and tolerance.

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3
Q

Who were the Rightly Guided Caliphs?

A

The Rightly Guided Caliphs are known as the Khulafa-al-Rashideen.

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4
Q

Name the four Pious Caliphs.

A
  • Hazrat Abu Bakr
  • Hazrat Umar
  • Hazrat Uthman
  • Hazrat Ali
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5
Q

What title was given to Hazrat Abu Bakr and what does it mean?

A

Hazrat Abu Bakr was given the title Al-Siddiq, meaning ‘the truthful.’

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6
Q

In which year was Hazrat Abu Bakr elected as the first Khalifa?

A

Hazrat Abu Bakr was elected as the first Khalifa in 632 CE.

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7
Q

What challenges did Hazrat Abu Bakr face during his rule?

A

Hazrat Abu Bakr faced challenges such as tribal rebellions and refusal to pay zakat.

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8
Q

How did Hazrat Abu Bakr deal with uprisings?

A

Hazrat Abu Bakr dealt with uprisings with a firm yet gentle approach and unified the Arabs under his leadership.

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9
Q

What significant military action did Hazrat Abu Bakr undertake?

A

Hazrat Abu Bakr sent an army led by Hazrat Khalid bin-Waleed to defeat Musaylima al-Kazzab.

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10
Q

What administrative changes did Hazrat Abu Bakr implement?

A

Hazrat Abu Bakr divided the Muslim territory into provinces, each headed by a governor.

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11
Q

What was a major contribution of Hazrat Abu Bakr to the Muslim community?

A

The collection and compilation of the verses of the Quran into a single volume.

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12
Q

What characterized Hazrat Umar’s rule?

A

Hazrat Umar’s rule was characterized by the expansion of Islam beyond the Arabian Peninsula.

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13
Q

What title was given to Hazrat Umar and what does it mean?

A

Hazrat Umar was given the title Al-Farooq, meaning ‘the one who distinguishes right from wrong.’

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14
Q

What system did Hazrat Umar create during his rule?

A

Hazrat Umar crafted a system of administration that could survive anywhere and at any time in the world.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: Hazrat Umar was known for his ______ nature.

A

[just]

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16
Q

What was one of Hazrat Umar’s significant policies regarding government officials?

A

He ordered that a record be kept of all officials and soldiers to ensure accountability.

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17
Q

What system was introduced to maintain civil order?

A

Civil policing system

This system was introduced alongside various welfare projects to improve social well-being.

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18
Q

Who divided the Muslim state into provinces?

A

Hazrat Umar

Hazrat Umar divided the Muslim state into provinces led by governors.

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19
Q

What were the provinces further divided into?

A

Districts

Each district was led by a Wali.

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20
Q

What types of projects were funded during Hazrat Umar’s reign?

A

Development projects

These included the construction of canals, digging wells, and building houses.

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21
Q

What are some notable achievements of Hazrat Umar?

A
  • Building fleets for the Muslim army
  • Law making
  • Diplomacy
  • Civil building works
  • Free trade
  • Welfare for the poor

His achievements remain unmatched in history.

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22
Q

Which important places came under Muslim rule during Hazrat Umar’s reign?

A
  • Persia
  • Syria
  • Jerusalem
  • Egypt

These regions came under Muslim rule during his leadership.

23
Q

What significant military achievements occurred during 634-636 CE?

A

Simultaneous defeat of Roman and Persian armies

The conquest of Jerusalem in 637 CE was also notable.

24
Q

What was Hazrat Umar known for among historians in the West?

A

His humble conduct

This was particularly noted when he entered the conquered city of Jerusalem.

25
Q

What did Hazrat Umar refuse to do inside the church of Jerusalem?

A

Pray inside the church

He believed it might lead future generations to convert the church into a mosque.

26
Q

Who was responsible for Hazrat Umar’s assassination?

A

A disgruntled Persian slave named Feroz

He was stabbed while leading Fajr prayers in 644 CE.

27
Q

What was established during Hazrat Umar’s reign regarding the courts?

A

Independence of the courts

Even the caliph could not overturn any ruling made by the courts.

28
Q

Who succeeded Hazrat Umar as the third Caliph of Islam?

A

Hazrat Uthman ibn ‘Affan

He took office at the age of sixty-eight.

29
Q

What title was Hazrat Uthman given and what does it mean?

A

‘Ghani’ which means ‘the generous one’

His generosity and piety earned him great regard.

30
Q

What characterized Hazrat Uthman’s lifestyle despite his wealth?

A

He lived a simple life

His exceptional business practices shaped his administration as Caliph.

31
Q

What regions did the Islamic Empire expand into during Hazrat Uthman’s reign?

A
  • Persia
  • Armenia
  • North Africa
  • Parts of the East

The empire continued to expand significantly during his leadership.

32
Q

What territories did the Islamic Empire expand into during the caliphate?

A

Persia, Armenia, North Africa, parts of the eastern Mediterranean

This expansion occurred under the leadership of Caliph Uthman.

33
Q

What financial policy did Caliph Uthman implement in conquered territories?

A

Increased taxation

The revenue was used for public buildings and salaries.

34
Q

How did Uthman’s regulations impact markets during his rule?

A

Markets were regularly inspected and the weight and prices of goods were regulated

This contributed to increased trust and growth in cities.

35
Q

What is a key legacy of Hazrat Uthman’s rule?

A

Standardization of the Holy Quran

Uthman commissioned the compilation of the Quran to prevent variations in readings.

36
Q

What caused the unrest during Uthman’s rule?

A

Dissatisfaction with governance and administration

This unrest ultimately led to Uthman’s martyrdom in 656 CE.

37
Q

Who succeeded Hazrat Uthman as the fourth Caliph?

A

Hazrat Ali

Ali was the cousin of the Prophet Muhammad and had been a close companion.

38
Q

What significant administrative change did Hazrat Ali make during his caliphate?

A

Moved the capital from Madinah to Kufa in Iraq

This move centralized governance in the Muslim empire.

39
Q

What policies did Hazrat Ali follow during his rule?

A

He followed the administrative policies and government style of Hazrat Umar

Ali maintained strict oversight on governors and officials.

40
Q

What was Hazrat Ali known for regarding state funds?

A

Careful not to waste state funds and used them wisely for the people

His administration aimed to uphold social values and justice.

41
Q

What social values did Hazrat Ali emphasize during his rule?

A

Justice and social welfare

He implemented strict rules against nepotism and provided grants for those in need.

42
Q

What military achievements occurred during Hazrat Ali’s rule?

A

Muslim armies advanced into Tripoli and aided Cyprus

By 661 CE, they had reached the Caspian Sea and modern Afghanistan.

43
Q

What infrastructure developments occurred under Hazrat Ali’s leadership?

A

Building of water courses, wells, roads, and planting of trees

These developments were aimed at benefiting the conquered lands.

44
Q

True or False: Hazrat Ali was known for his kindness towards non-Muslims.

A

True

His compassionate policies inspired many to embrace Islam.

45
Q

Fill in the blank: The era of the _____ Caliphate came to an end with the passing of Hazrat Ali.

A

Pious

Ali’s death marked a significant transition in Islamic leadership.

46
Q

What was built for the benefit of the people?

A

Water courses, wells, and roads

These constructions were aimed at improving infrastructure and access to resources.

47
Q

What was employed for the people’s protection?

A

A police force

This indicates a structured approach to maintaining law and order.

48
Q

What military efforts were arranged during the Umayyad Dynasty?

A

Funds were arranged for the construction of new barracks

This reflects on the military organization and expansion efforts.

49
Q

Who was stabbed while praying in Kufa?

A

Amir Muawiya

This event highlights the political tensions during the Umayyad period.

50
Q

What happened to Amir Muawiya two days after being stabbed?

A

He passed away

His death marked a significant point in the Umayyad leadership.

51
Q

When did the Umayyad Dynasty exist?

A

661-750 CE

This period was marked by significant territorial expansion.

52
Q

What did the Arabs begin during the second period of conquest?

A

Aiming to conquer new territories

This reflects the aggressive expansionist policies of the Umayyad Dynasty.

53
Q

Fill in the blank: The Arabs realized their aim to conquer when the ______ took the city.

A

Arab forces

This emphasizes the military success of the Arabs during this period.

54
Q

True or False: The Umayyad Dynasty was established in North Africa.

A

True

The Umayyads expanded their influence into North Africa as part of their conquests.