Glys

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1. (d) Anaerobic respiration (absence of oxygen) takes place in

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anaerobic bacteria and in plant seeds. Anaerobic respiration

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occurs in the organism which can live without oxygen. In this

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respiration

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only glycolysis takes place due to the absence of

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oxygen.

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2. (b) ATP is utilised at two steps: first in the conversion

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of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate and second in

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the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1

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6-bisphosphate.

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3. (d) Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and is

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present in all living organisms. In this process

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glucose

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undergoes partial oxidation to form two molecules of pyruvic

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During this process

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total 4 ATPs are formed

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2 ATPs are consumed. 2 ATPs are formed during the conversion

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of 1

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3 bisphosphoglyceric acid to 3 phosphoglyceric acid

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catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase and the

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other 2 ATPs are formed by the conversion of phosphoenol

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pyruvic acid to pyruvic acid by the enzyme pyruvate kinase.

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Therefore

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there will be a net gain of 2 ATPs.

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4. (a) Fermentation refers to the incomplete oxidation of glucose

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is achieved under anaerobic conditions by sets of reactions

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where pyruvic acid is converted to CO

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and ethanol. In lactic

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acid fermentation

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less than seven per cent of the energy in

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glucose is released and not all of it is trapped as high energy

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bonds of ATP.

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5. (b) Hexokinase catalyse the conversion of glucose to

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glucose-6 phosphate. It is the first step of activation phase

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of glycolysis.

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6. (a) The end product of lactate fermentation is lactic acid only.

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7. (a) Fermentation involves incomplete breakdown of glucose

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(oxidation) under anaerobic conditions by sets of reactions.

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8. (b) Fermentation involves incomplete breakdown of glucose

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(oxidation) under anaerobic conditions by sets of reactions.

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9. (a) Glycolysis

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Kreb's cycle and ETC are meant for ATP

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synthesis in different steps.

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10. (b) NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) serves as an

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electron acceptor in glycolysis. It accepts its electrons with

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a proton to convert into NADH.

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11. (a) During fermentation

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the yeast is allowed to leaven

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the dough and make it soft & spongy. In a hot atmosphere

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(30-40°C)

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alcoholic fermentation by yeast convert

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carbohydrates to CO

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causing gas bubbles to form & has a

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leaving effect on dough

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12. (a) In alcohol fermentation

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acetaldehyde

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acceptor

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reacts with NADH to form ethanol.

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13. (c) Anaerobic respiration makes a total of 2 ATP by glycolysis

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only. Whereas

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aerobic respiration is much more efficient &

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can produce up to 38 ATP with a single molecule of glucose.

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14. (d) At the end of fermentation reaction

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carbon dioxide

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and ethanol are produced. Yeast is used to ferment the

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carbohydrates such as starch in beverage industries to

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produce alcohol.

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15. (d) Anaerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the

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absence of oxygen. It this

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carbohydrates are broken down

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into alcohols & carbon dioxide by the yeast.

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16. (c) Glycolysis or EMP pathway is the breakdown of glucose

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into two molecules of pyruvic acid through a series of

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enzyme mediated reaction releasing energy. Pyruvic acid is

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a 3-carbon compound

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17. (a) Ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced by the

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fermentation of one molecule of glucose under anaerobic

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conditions.

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18. (c) Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose

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into pyruvate under anaerobic conditions. It is the first stage

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in cellular respiration and occurs with variations in almost

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all organisms

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both aerobic & anaerobic.

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19. (d) Glyoxylate cycle is a variation of tricarboxylic acid cycle

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occuring in plants

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bacteria

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acetyl - CoA to succinate for the synthesis of carbohydrates.

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20. (b) 2 molecules of pyruvic acid are formed from one molecule

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of glucose at the end of glycolysis.