Glys Flashcards
- (d) Anaerobic respiration (absence of oxygen) takes place in
anaerobic bacteria and in plant seeds. Anaerobic respiration
occurs in the organism which can live without oxygen. In this
respiration
only glycolysis takes place due to the absence of
oxygen.
- (b) ATP is utilised at two steps: first in the conversion
of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate and second in
the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1
6-bisphosphate.
- (d) Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and is
present in all living organisms. In this process
glucose
undergoes partial oxidation to form two molecules of pyruvic
During this process
total 4 ATPs are formed
2 ATPs are consumed. 2 ATPs are formed during the conversion
of 1
3 bisphosphoglyceric acid to 3 phosphoglyceric acid
catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase and the
other 2 ATPs are formed by the conversion of phosphoenol
pyruvic acid to pyruvic acid by the enzyme pyruvate kinase.
Therefore
there will be a net gain of 2 ATPs.
- (a) Fermentation refers to the incomplete oxidation of glucose
is achieved under anaerobic conditions by sets of reactions
where pyruvic acid is converted to CO
and ethanol. In lactic
acid fermentation
less than seven per cent of the energy in
glucose is released and not all of it is trapped as high energy
bonds of ATP.
- (b) Hexokinase catalyse the conversion of glucose to
glucose-6 phosphate. It is the first step of activation phase
of glycolysis.
- (a) The end product of lactate fermentation is lactic acid only.
- (a) Fermentation involves incomplete breakdown of glucose
(oxidation) under anaerobic conditions by sets of reactions.
- (b) Fermentation involves incomplete breakdown of glucose
(oxidation) under anaerobic conditions by sets of reactions.
- (a) Glycolysis
Kreb’s cycle and ETC are meant for ATP
synthesis in different steps.
- (b) NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) serves as an
electron acceptor in glycolysis. It accepts its electrons with
a proton to convert into NADH.
- (a) During fermentation
the yeast is allowed to leaven
the dough and make it soft & spongy. In a hot atmosphere
(30-40°C)
alcoholic fermentation by yeast convert
carbohydrates to CO
causing gas bubbles to form & has a
leaving effect on dough
- (a) In alcohol fermentation
acetaldehyde
acceptor
reacts with NADH to form ethanol.
- (c) Anaerobic respiration makes a total of 2 ATP by glycolysis
only. Whereas
aerobic respiration is much more efficient &
can produce up to 38 ATP with a single molecule of glucose.
- (d) At the end of fermentation reaction
carbon dioxide
and ethanol are produced. Yeast is used to ferment the
carbohydrates such as starch in beverage industries to
produce alcohol.
- (d) Anaerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the
absence of oxygen. It this
carbohydrates are broken down
into alcohols & carbon dioxide by the yeast.
- (c) Glycolysis or EMP pathway is the breakdown of glucose
into two molecules of pyruvic acid through a series of
enzyme mediated reaction releasing energy. Pyruvic acid is
a 3-carbon compound
- (a) Ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced by the
fermentation of one molecule of glucose under anaerobic
conditions.
- (c) Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose
into pyruvate under anaerobic conditions. It is the first stage
in cellular respiration and occurs with variations in almost
all organisms
both aerobic & anaerobic.
- (d) Glyoxylate cycle is a variation of tricarboxylic acid cycle
occuring in plants
bacteria
acetyl - CoA to succinate for the synthesis of carbohydrates.
- (b) 2 molecules of pyruvic acid are formed from one molecule
of glucose at the end of glycolysis.
