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2nd yr- IBMS- Respiration and metabolism > Glycolysis and the TCA > Flashcards

Glycolysis and the TCA Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main aim of metabolism?

A

converting an energy source into carbon dioxide and water

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2
Q

Name the 2 pathways that metabolism is split into?

A
  1. Anabolic

2. Catabolic

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3
Q

What is the anabolic pathway of metabolism?

A

These are pathways concerned with the synthesis of cellular components
They decrease entropy and are reductive in nature

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4
Q

What is the catabolic pathway of metabolism?

A

These pathways are concerned with the degradation of cellular components
They are energy liberating

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5
Q

Name the currency of energy

A

ATP

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6
Q

How is ATP suited to its job

A

As it is unstable energy and energy rich

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7
Q

Name the bond that makes ARP energy rich

A

The acid anhydride bond

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8
Q

Why are the acid anhydride bonds energy rich?

A
  1. Due to charge repulsion between the adjacent phosphate groups
    Each negative charge repels one another making the molecule less stable than it would be otherwise
    2 .Due to the resonance of phosphate ions
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9
Q

Define oxidation

A

The removal of electrons and protons

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10
Q

What type of reaction is oxidation

A

Exogenic

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11
Q

Name the ultimate electron acceptor

A

Oxygen

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12
Q

What does TCA stand for?

A

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

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13
Q

Name the most common fuel in mammals?

A

GLUCOSE

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14
Q

Why is glucose important?

A

It is the only fuel that the brain uses

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15
Q

Describe the structure of glucose

A

It tends to have a ring conformation

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16
Q

Briefly happens to glucose molecules in glycolysis?

A

Glucose is converted into pyruvate

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17
Q

How can pyruvate be further broken down?

A
  1. Complete oxidation

2. Fermentation

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18
Q

Does fermentation or complete oxidation produce the most free energy ?

A

complete oxidation

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19
Q

Name the 2 parts of glycolysis

A
  1. Investment phase (costs us ATP)

2. Return phase

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20
Q

Name the stages of the ATP consuming phase of glycolysis?

A
  1. Phosphorylation of glucose into G-6P
  2. Isomerisation of G-6P into fructose-6-phosphate
  3. Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
  4. Break down of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into GAP and DHAP
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21
Q

Go though the first step of glycolysis

A

Glucose enters the cell using a transport protein and is phosphorylated to give Glucose – 6 Phosphate (G-6P)

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22
Q

What does glucose need help to enter the cell?

A

It cannot diffuse through due to its negative charge

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23
Q

What does the phosphorylation of glucose require?

A

ATP

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24
Q

What is the phosphorylation of glucose catalysed by?

A

Hexokinase

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25
Q

What does Hexokinase need to function?

A

Magnesium

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26
Q

Is Glucose – 6 Phosphate stable or unstable? why?

A

Unstable due to the addition of a negative charge (Phosphate group )

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27
Q

What does glucose have a preference to form?

A

A 6 carbon ring

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28
Q

What is isomerisation?

A

When the molecular component of a compound doesn’t change but the structural arrangement does

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29
Q

What catalysis the Isomerisation of G-6P?

A

phosphoglucose isomerase

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30
Q

What is Glucose-6-phosphate isomerised into?

A
  1. An aldehyde
  2. Then a ketone
  3. Finally Fructose-6-phosphate
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31
Q

Name the end product of the iomerisation of glucose-6-phosphate

A

Fructose-6-phosphate

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32
Q

What happens to fructose-6-phosphate once it has formed?

A

It is phosphorylated

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33
Q

What does the Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate require?

A

ATP

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34
Q

What is fructose-6 -phosphate phosphorylated into?

A

fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

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35
Q

Name the enzyme involved in the Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate

A

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

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36
Q

Name the rate determining step in glycolysis

A

The Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate

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37
Q

Why is the Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate the rate determining step of glycolysis?

A

As the reaction favours the products

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38
Q

What do we need do to fructose-6-phosphate and why?

A

Need to break it down to release energy

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39
Q

How is fructose-6-phosphate broken down?

A

By Aldolase

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40
Q

What does is fructose 1,6- biphophate broken down into?

A 
1. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 
(GAP)
2. Dihydroxyacetone 
phosphate 
(DHAP)
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41
Q

Is GAP needed in glycolysis or DHAP (or both)

A

GAP (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)

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42
Q

What do we need to do to DHAP to make glycolysis more effective?

A

Convert it into GAP so it can be used in glycolysis

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43
Q

Name the enzyme that converts DHAP into GAP

A

Triose phosphate

isomerase

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44
Q

Name all the enzyme involved in the ATP consuming stage of glycolysis

A
  1. Hexokinase (phosphorylation of glucose into G6P)
  2. Phosphoglucose isomerase (somerisation of G-6P)
  3. Phosphofructokinase-1 (Phosphorylates fructose 6-phophate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)
  4. Aldose (Breaks down fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)
  5. Triose phosphate isomerase (isomerisation of GAP to DHAP)
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45
Q

In a nut shell summarise the ATP consuming phase of glycolysis

A

The break down of a single 6 carbon molecule to 2 three carbon molecules costing TWO ATPs

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46
Q

How many ATPs are used in the ATP consuming phase of glycolysis?

A

2 ATPs

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47
Q

What does the ATP generation stage of glycolysis begin with?

A

Begins with the phosphorylation of Glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate

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48
Q

Name the stages of the ATP generating phase of glycolysis

A
  1. phosphorylation of Glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate
  2. Removal of phosphate from (1,3-BPG) to form
    3-phosphoglycerate
  3. 3 phosphoglycerateis converted into 2 phophoglycerbte
  4. 2- phosphoglycerate is converted into PEP
  5. PEP loses its phosphate group to form pyruvate and ATP
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49
Q

What is Glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate phosphylated into?

A

1,3-bisphosphogltcerate

1,3-BPG

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50
Q

What molecules are involved into the phosphorylation of GAP into 1,3- biphophogitcerate

A

NAD+ and Phosphate

51
Q

Which enzyme is involved in the phosphorylation of Glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate ?

A

Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
dehydrogenase

52
Q

What does the Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
dehydrogenase result in?

A

1,3-bisphosphogltcerate
(1,3-BPG)
NADH
H+

53
Q

Describe 1,3-bisphosphogltcerate

1,3-BPG

A

It has a high phosphorylation transfer potential

54
Q

What does the fact that 1,3 BPG having a high phosphorylation transfer potential allow?

A

Allows for phosphate transferal onto ADP in the next step

55
Q

What happens to 1,3-bisphosphogltcerate

(1,3-BPG) after it has been formed?

A

When it is in close proximity to ADP it removes its phosphate group

56
Q

What does the removal of phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphogltcerate
(1,3-BPG) require?

A

ADP and H+

57
Q

Which enzyme aids the removal of phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphogltcerate
(1,3-BPG)?

A

Phosphoglycerate

kinase

58
Q

What does the removal of phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphogltcerate
(1,3-BPG) form?

A

3-phosphoglycerate

and ATP

59
Q

What happens to the 3-phosphoglycerate once it has formed?

A

It is converted into 2-phosphoglycerate

60
Q

Name the enzyme that aids the the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate into 2- phosphoglycerate

A

Phosphoglycerate mutase

61
Q

How can we obtain ATP from 3-phophoglycerate?

A

3-phophoglycerate is converted in 2-phophoglycerate with the aid of Phosphoglycerate mutase
Then Enolase converts the 2-phophoglycerate into Phosphenolpyruvate
(PEP). This reaction yields ADP
PEP is of high energy and wants to remove its phosphate the removal of this phosphate forms pyruvate and ATP

62
Q

Which enzyme aids the conversion of 2-phophoglycerate into Phosphenolpyruvate
(PEP)?

A

Enolase

63
Q

How does PEP help release an ATP?

A

PEP is of high energy and wants to remove its phosphate the removal of this phosphate forms pyruvate and ATP

64
Q

How many ATPs does the ATP consuming phase of glycolysis use?

A

2

65
Q

How many ATPs does the ATP generating phase produce?

A

4

66
Q

What does the break down of glucose produce overall?

A

2 ATPs and 2 pyruvate

67
Q

Is the redox equilibrium of glucose break down balanced?

A

NO

We used 1 NAD+ to convert GAP into 1,3BPG

68
Q

What must be regenerated through the metabolism of pyruvate and whY?

A

NAD+ needs to be regenerated as the redox equilibrium of glucose break down isn’t balanced

69
Q

State the overall equation for glucose metabolism in glycolysis

A

Glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+ -> 2pyruvate + 2ATP + NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O

70
Q

What can pyruvate be broken down into?

A
  1. Ethanol
  2. Lactase
  3. Acetyl CoA
71
Q

Why does fermentation occur?

A

When there’s a lack of Oxygen

72
Q

When pyruvate is broken down in a fermentation reaction what happens

A
  1. Pyruvate is converted into Acetaldehyde realising CO2

2. Acetaldehyde is converted into ethanol (NAD+ is produced)

73
Q

Name some organisms that do fermentation

A

Yeast

74
Q

What is released when pyruvate is produced into lactate?

A

NAD+ is produced

75
Q

When does the conversion of pyruvate into lactate occur?

A

When theres a lack of oxygen and the body is in need of energy

76
Q

After glycolysis what does the pyruvate need to enter?

A

The citric acid cycle

77
Q

Name the only entry point into the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyle CoA

78
Q

Through which reaction is pyruvate converted into Acetyl CoA?

A

Through an oxidative decarboxylation

79
Q

What is the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA mediated by?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)

80
Q

What is pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

It is a multi enzyme complex of pyruvate decarboxylase, dihydro transacetylase and
dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase

81
Q

Name the enzymes involved in the multi enzyme complex that aids the formation of acetyl CoA

A
  1. pyruvate decarboxylase,
  2. dihydro transacetylase
  3. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
82
Q

What is the benefit of having a multi enzyme complex?

A

All the enzymes are attaches so there is no release of intermediates making the reaction bette

83
Q

Go through the reactions involved in the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) reaction

A
  1. Decarboxylation
  2. Oxidation
  3. Acetyl CoA is added
84
Q

Where does the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction occur?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

85
Q

What is produces in the Pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction?

A

NAD+ is converted into NADH

86
Q

Talk though the stages of the TCA cycle?

A

1, Acetyl CoA production

  1. Acetyl- CoA oxidation in the citric acid cycle
  2. Electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the electron transport chain
87
Q

What is the main aim of the TCA cycle?

A

To harvest high energy electrons from carbon fuel

88
Q

Talk though the stages of the TCA cycle?

A

1, Acetyl CoA production

  1. Acetyl- CoA oxidation in the citric acid cycle
  2. Electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the electron transport chain
89
Q

What does the TCA cycle provide?

A

The substrate for electron transport chain

Precursors for building amino acids, nucleotides and components of blood

90
Q

What do the intermediates in the TCA cycle provide?

A

They proves a regulatory barrier

91
Q

Name the main stages of the citric acid cycle

A
  1. Citrate synthase
  2. break up of the carrier
  3. Oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate
  4. Oxidative
    Decarboxylation
    (5C to 4C)
  5. Oxidative
    Decarboxylation
    (5C to 4C)
  6. Oxidation
  7. Oxidation, hydration
92
Q

What does hexokinase do?

A

Catalyses the phosphorylation of glucose into Glucose – 6 Phosphate

93
Q

What does phosphoglucose isomerase do?

A

Aids the isomerisation of G-6P

94
Q

What does phosphofructokinase (PFK) do?

A

Phosphorylates fructose 6-phophate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

95
Q

What is significant about the Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate ?

A

It is the rate determine step of glycolysis

96
Q

What does aldose do?

A 
Breaks down fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into:
1. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 
(GAP)
2. Dihydroxyacetone 
phosphate 
(DHAP)
97
Q

What does Triose phosphate

isomerase do?

A

Aids in the conversion of DHAP into GAP

98
Q

What does Phosphoglycerate

kinase do?

A

Phosphorylates GAP into 1,3 - BPG

99
Q

What does Phosphoglycerate

kinase do?

A

Aids the removal of phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphogltcerate

1,3-BPG

100
Q

What does Phosphoglycerate mutase do?

A

Aids in the concversion of 3-phophoglycerate into 2-phophoglycerate

101
Q

What does enolase do?

A

Converts 2-phophoglycerate into Phosphenolpyruvate

(PEP)?

102
Q

What is the condensation of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate catalysed by?

A

citrate synthase

103
Q

What does the equilibrium in the aldol condensation reaction favour?

A

citrate synthase

104
Q

What does acetyl CoA react with when it enters the mitochondria?

A

Reacts with Oxaloacetate

to form citrate and citryl CoA

105
Q

How many carbons are formed at the end of the first condensation reaction in the citric acid cycle?

A

2C + 4C=6C

106
Q

What happens to the citrate in the citric acid cycle?

A

It is dehydrated then isomerism and hydrated again to form isocitrate

107
Q

Why does citrate have to be dehydrated before it can be isomerased?

A

As the hydroxyl group isn’t ideally located o the citrate from oxidative decarboxylation

108
Q

Name the enzyme that catalyses the isomerisation and hydration of citrate

A

Aconitase

109
Q

What happens to isocitrate once it has been formed?

A

It undergoes oxidative decarboxylation

110
Q

Name the enzyme that catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

111
Q

What is formed when oxidative decarboxylation of the isocitrate occurs?

A

Alpha-ketoglutarat

112
Q

What is special about the formation of a-ketoglutarat

A

The rate of formation of a-ketoglutarate determines

the overall rate of the citric acid cycle

113
Q

What is special about the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate

A

It is the first 4 oxidation-reduction reactions
and generates the first high transfer
high potential electron carrier NADH

114
Q

What happens after the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate ?

A

Oxidative Decarboxylation of succinyl coA

5C to 4C

115
Q

What happens after the Decarboxylation of succinyl CoA?

A

Substrate

level phosphorylation

116
Q

What happens after substrate level phosphorylation

A

Oxidation

117
Q

Name the 3 steps that are irreversible in the citric acid cycle?

A
  1. Citrate synthase
  2. Oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate
  3. Oxidative
    Decarboxylation
    (5C to 4C)
118
Q

Name the electron acceptor for the oxidation react in the citric acid cycle?

A

FAD as the reducing power of succinate isn’t sufficient

119
Q

How many ATPs are yielded in the TCA cycle?

A

2 ATPs

120
Q

How many NADH are yielded in the TCA cycle?

A

6 NADH

121
Q

How many FADH are yielded in the TCA cycle?

A

2 FADH

122
Q

What does Aconitase do?

A

It catalyses the dehydration, isomerisation and hydration of citrate

123
Q

What does Isocitrate dehydrogenase do?

A

It catalyses the the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate

2nd yr- IBMS- Respiration and metabolism (3 decks)

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