Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis

Question 1

Which pathways requires NADPH?

Answer 1

Pathways Requiring NADPH:

• Synthesis
• Fatty acid biosynthesis
• Cholesterol biosynthesis
• Neurotransmitter biosynthesis
• Nucleotide biosynthesis
• Detoxification
• Reduction of oxidized glutathione
• Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases

Question 2

CN- and CO inhibit which enzyme?

Answer 2

Cytochrome Oxidase

Question 3

Transfer of NADH, what is the difference between calorie consumption between Glycerol-3-phosphate husttle vs malate-aspartate shuttle?

Answer 3

Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle: 1 .5 ATP

Malate-aspartate shuttle: 2.5 ATP

Question 4

Gluconeogenesis’s total reaction?

Answer 4

2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 GTP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 4H2O –> glucose + 4 ADP + 2GDP + 6 Pi + 2 NAD+

Question 5

Glucogenic a.a. : Which amino acid can produce pyruvate?

Answer 5

• Ala (Alanine)
• Cys (Cysteine)
• Gly (Glycine)
• Ser (Serine)
• Thr (Threonine)
• Trp (Tryptophan)

Question 6

Glycogen storage disease: Type 1 is deficiency of which enzyme? Which clinical symptom?

Answer 6

Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency,

Symptom: Liver enlargement

• failure to thrive
• severe hypoglycemia
• ketosis
• hyperuricemia
• hyperlipemia (abnormally high concentration of lipids in blood)

Question 7

Helicobacter pylori uses which protein and carbohydrates to bind to the stomach wall?

Answer 7

Lectin + Leb oligosaccharide

Question 8

Glutathione and NADPH resists which free radial Function mechanism?

Answer 8

Superoxide radical and Hydroxyl free radical

Question 9

In the pentose phosphate pathway, if there is an enzyme deficiency, it will produce which disease?

Answer 9

Genetic defect (genetic polymorphism). Hemolytic Anemia (red cell hemolysis) or Erythrocyte hemolysis or “Favism” Favism = is X-linked recessive inborn error of metabolism that predisposes to hemolysis (spontaneous destruction of red blood cells)

Question 10

Difference between the contents of Muscle glycogen and liver glycogen?

Answer 10

Total Body content: Muscle Glycogen (245g) > Liver (90g)

Organ Weight: Liver > Muscle

Question 11

Type 1a’s Glycogen storage disease is?

Answer 11

Due to Deficiency or defect of Glucose-6-phosphatase or transport system.

Glycogen storage disease will affect “Liver and Kidney”

Clinical Features:
Massive enlargement of the liver.
-Failure to thrive.
-Severe hypoglycemia
-Ketosis
-Hyperuricemia
-Hyperlipemia

Question 12

What is Glycogenin?

Answer 12

as a core of the glycogen particle, glycogenin is an enzyme involved in converting glucose to glycogen.
-It acts as a primer, by polymerizing the first few glucose molecules.

Question 13

How many steps are there in Glycolysis and TCA cycle?

Answer 13

Glycolysis: 10 steps

TCA cycle: 8 Steps

Question 14

Which enzyme step is Glycolysis Regulatory step?

Answer 14

PFK1:

• Inhibits PFK1: ATP, Citrate
• Promote PFK1: AMP, ADP, F-2, 6-BP

Question 15

What substance regulates glycogen?

Answer 15

Promote: Insulin, G-6-P, Glucose
Inhibit: Glucagon, Epinephrine

Question 16

What is the regulation of glycogen synthesis during High Blood Glucose?

Answer 16

High blood glucose –> increase insulin –> increase PKB –> decrease GSK-3 –> increase glycogen synthase –> increase glycogen synthesis