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Principles - Biochemistry > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions that maintain the living state of cells and organisms

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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Assimilation of molecules and complex structures from the building blocks of life

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3
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breakdown of molecules to obtain the anabolic “building blocks of life and substrates for energy

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4
Q

Out of catabolism and anabolism, which requires energy and which yields it?

A

Catabolism yields energy

Anabolism requires it

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5
Q

What are can be done to glucose?

A

Stored
Oxidised through the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Oxidised through aerobic glycolysis
Fermentation by anaerobic glycolysis

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6
Q

What can glucose be stored as?

A

Glycogen
Starch
Sucrose
Converted into lipids

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7
Q

What does oxidation of glucose through aerobic glycolysis convert it into, and what does this allow?

A

Pyruvate

Efficient ATP production by oxidative metabolism

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8
Q

What does oxidation of glucose through the Pentose Phosphate Pathway convert it into, and what does this allow?

A

Ribose-5-phosphate

It acts as a precursor for nucleotide synthesis and DNA repair and is essential for growth

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9
Q

What does fermentation of glucose by anaerobic glycolysis convert it into, and what does this allow?

A

Lactate

Rapid, inefficient ATP production

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10
Q

What are the two ways glucose can enter a cell?§

A

Via Na+/glucose transporters

Via passive facilitated diffusion glucose transporters - GLUT1-5

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11
Q

What is the process by which glucose inters a cell via a GLUT1 transporter?

A

Binding of glucose causes conformational change
Binding site now faces into the cell
Glucose can be released in the inside
Conformational change regenerates the binding site to be on the outside of the cell

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12
Q

What is the overall reaction of glycolysis?

A

Glucose + 2ADP + 2NAD+ –> 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2H2O + 2NADH + 2H+

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13
Q

What is the word equation of the first stage of glycolysis?

A

Glucose –> fructose-1, 6-biphosphate

2ATP -> 2ADP + Pi

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14
Q

What happens to glucose in the first stage?

A

It is trapped and destabilised

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15
Q

What is the word equation of the second stage of glycolysis?

A

Fructose-1, 6-phosphate –> 2 triode phosphates

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16
Q

What happens in the second stage of glycolysis?

A

2 interconvertible three carbon molecules are formed

17
Q

What is the word equation for the third stage of glycolysis?

A

2 triose phosphates –> 2 pyruvate
(4ADP + 4Pi -> 4ATP)
(2NAD+ -> 2NADH+ + 2H+)

18
Q

What happens in the second stage of glycolysis?

A

Generation of ATP

19
Q

What are the enzymes that act at control points and which control points do they work at?

A

Hexokinase - 1
Phosphofructokinase - 2
Pyruvate kinase - 3

20
Q

What does hexokinase control?

A

Substrate entry

21
Q

What does phosphofructokinase control?

A

Rate of substrate movement along the glycolysis pathway

22
Q

What does pyruvate kinase control?

A

Product exit

23
Q

What are the activators of phosphofructokinase?

A

AMP

Fructose-2, 6-biphosphate

24
Q

What is the action of the activators of phosphofructokinase?

A

Will increase glycolysis if energy is needed

25
Q

What are the inhibitors of phosphofructokinase?

A

ATP
Citrate
H+

26
Q

What does ATP do to inhibit phosphofructokinase?

A

Will slow glycolysis if energy is abundant

27
Q

What does citrate do to inhibit phosphofructokinase?

A

It is a citric acid cycle intermediate which slows downstream pyruvate entry to the citric acid cycle if energy is abundant

28
Q

What does H+ do to inhibit phosphofructokinase?

A

Slows glycolysis if there is too much lactic acid produced

29
Q

What is pyruvate later used for?

A

As carbon to fuel the citric acid cycle in mitochondria

30
Q

What is NADH later used for?

A

The electron transport chain

31
Q

What happens if oxygen is unavailable?

A

Anaerobic respiration/lactic acid fermentation

32
Q

What is the process of anaerobic respiration/lactic acid fermentation?

A

NADH is used to ferment pyruvate to lactic acid

NADH is regenerated at the beginning of stage 3

33
Q

What is the Warburg effect?

A

The observation that even in aerobic conditions, cancer cells tend to favour metabolism via glycolysis rather than the more efficient oxidative phosphorylation pathway

34
Q

What are the advantages of the Warburg effect?

A

Rapid energy production
Supports other pathways for nucleotide synthesis
Supports rapid cell growth

35
Q

What are the disadvantages of the Warburg effect?

A

Produces H+ and lactic acid as end products
Very inefficient ATP synthesis
Hugh glucose consumption demand
Cancer patients lose energy

36
Q

What are the inhibitors that can be used to treat cancer?

A

2-deoxy-glucose
3-bromopyruvate
Dichloroacetate

Principles - Biochemistry (4 decks)

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