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Biochemistry > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All the chemical reactions that maintain the living state of cells and organisms

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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The building up of molecules to form the building blocks of life. Requires energy

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3
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breakdown of molecules to obtain the anabolic building blocks of life and substrates for energy. It yields energy

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4
Q

What is the mechanism in anabolism?

A

Oxidised precursors are reduced to form reduced biosynthesic products. It is endergonic and reductive

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5
Q

What is the mechanism present in catabolism?

A

Reduced fuel is oxidised to form oxidised products. Exergonic and oxidative

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6
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The addition of an electron to oxygen to form water, creating energy

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7
Q

What can glucose be in the form of?

A

In plants: Starch or cellulose

In animals: Glycogen

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8
Q

What cell types require ATP as an energy source?

A 
Erythrocytes
Retina
Renal medulla 
Brain 
Cancer cells
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9
Q

What are the fates of glucose?

A

Glycogen, starch, sucrose, lipids
Pyruvate via oxidation through aerobic glycolysis
Lactate via fermentation in anaerobic glycolysis
Ribose-5-phosphate via oxidation through the pentose phosphate pathway

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10
Q

How is glucose transported into cells?

A

Via Na+/glucse symporters
Via passive facilitated diffusion glucose transporters:
GLUT 1 = Brain - low Km
GLUT 2 = Liver, beta cells - High Km, insulin dependent
GLUT 3 = Brain - low Km
GLUT 4 = Muscle and adipose tissue - insulin dependent
GLUT 5 = Gut - fructose transport

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11
Q

What is GLUT 1 used for?

A

The binding of glucose on the outside of GLUT 1 triggers a conformational change causing the binding site to change and face inwards. Glucose is then released on the inside of the cells which results in a conformational change regenerating the binding site on the outside

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12
Q

In simple terms, what is glycolysis?

A

The initial pathway for the conversion of glucose to pyruvate
Glucose + 2 ADP + Pi + 2NAD+ = 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 H20, 2 NADH, 2H+

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13
Q

What is the pathway for glycolysis?

A

Glucose - fructose-1,6-biphosphate - 2 triose phosphates - 2 pyruvate

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14
Q

What occurs during stage one of glycolysis?

A

Glucose is trapped and destabilised - glucose to fructose-1,6-biphosphate

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15
Q

What occurs during stage 2 of glycolysis?

A

Two interconvertible 2-carbon molecules are formed

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16
Q

What occurs during stage 3?

A

1 pyruvate molecules is formed and 2 ATP are formed. Stage 3 occurs twice and therefore at the end of glycolysis, there is 2 pyruvate molecules and 4 ATP molecules

17
Q

What are the three control points in glycolysis?

A
  1. Hexokinase controls substrate entry
  2. Phosphofructokinase controls the rate of flow
  3. Pyruvate kinase controls the product exit
18
Q

What is the reaction for hexokinase?

A

Glucose + ATP = glucose-6-phosphate + ADP + H+

19
Q

What is the reaction for phosphfructokinase?

A

Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP = fructose-1.6-biphosphate + ADP + H+

20
Q

What is the reaction for ppyruvate kinase?

A

Phosphoenolypyruvate + ADP + H+ = pyruvate + ATP

21
Q

What does phosphfructokinase (PFK) do?

A

Key enzyme for controlling the rate of substrate movement along the glycolytic pathway

22
Q

What activates PFK?

A

AMP and fructose-2,6-biphosphate. These will be used if energy is needed

23
Q

What inhibits PFK?

A

ATP - will slow glycolysis if ATP is abundant
Citrate - Will slow downstream pyruvate entry to TCA cycle
H+ - slows glycolysis if too much lactic acid is being produced

24
Q

What is the ATP/AMP ratio called?

A

The energy charge

25
Q

When is the cell classed as “charged”?

A

If all adenylate nucleotides are in the shape of ATP

26
Q

When is the cell classed as being discharged?

A

If it only contains AMP and Pi

27
Q

What is the pyruvate used for?

A

The carbon needed to fuel the TCA cycle in mitochondria

28
Q

What are the NADH and H+ ions used for?

A

The electron transport chain and ATP synthesis

29
Q

What happens if mitochondrial metabolism is inhibited by a lack of oxygen?

A

NADH is used to ferment pyruvate to lactic acid. NADH is then regenerated at the begining of stage 3

30
Q

What is the warburg effect?

A

The up-regulation of anaerobic glycolysis in cancer cells

31
Q

Why do cancer cells up regulate anaerobic glycolysis?

A

It has rapid energy production
Supports other pathways for nucleotide synthesis which is needed for growth
It supports rapid cell growth

32
Q

What are the disadvantages to up-regulation of anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Produces H+ and lactate as end products
Very inefficient ATP synthesis
High glucose consumption demand
Causes cancer patients to lose weight

Biochemistry (4 decks)

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