glycolysis Flashcards
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm
what is the three steps of glycolysis
phosphorylation
Splitting of hexose bisphosphate to triose phosphate
oxidation of TP to pyruvate.
what type of cofactor is NAD
Organic co-enzyme
What enzyme is NAD a coenzyme for
Dehydrogenase
how many phosphate groups does NAD have
2
what is the nitrogenous base of NAD
Adenine
is adenine a purine or prymidine
PURINE
How many hydrogen bonds can adenine make when bound to another base
2
what sugar is present in NAD
ribose
Describe the structure of NAD
2 phosphoryl groups
1 ribose, 5 carbon sugar
Nicotinamide (B3)
adenine
In oxidation is hydrogen bonds and electrons lost or gained
lost
in what stage does NAD accept hydrogen bonds to become reduced
Oxidation- last step of glycolysis
hydrogen is removed from triose phosphate to reduce NAD.
describe the first step of glycolysis
Phosphorylation
1 ATP molecule is hydrolysed releasing a phosphoryl group
This phosphoryl group is added to glucose to make hexose monophosphate
another ATP molecule is hydrolysed to create hexose bisphosphate
IN hexose bisphosphate there is 2 phosphate groups. At which carbons in the molecule are they found at
carbon 1 has a phosphate group
carbon 2 has a phosphate group.
What happens in the second stage of Glycolysis
splitting of hexose bisphosphate
HB is split into two molecules of Triose phosphate (3c)
At which part of glycolysis is ATP used and how many molecules is used
2 ATP molecules are used up in the phosphorylation stage.
—–2 ATP molecules are hydrolysed to release phosphate groups
what is the last stage of glycolysis and describe
the oxidation of tp to pyruvate
dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen ions from the tp. Catalysed by NAD
2x molecules of NAD become reduced as they accept hydrogen from the triose phosphate
2x molecules of ATP are also released
2 molecules of pyruvate are produced and taken to the mitochondria
how many molecules of NAD are reduced for one molecule of glucose
1 molecule of Glucose. 2 NAD are reduced
what is the netgain of ATP at the end of glycolysis
there is a net gain of 2 atp molecules as 4 molecules of atp are produced at the oxidation of tp. However, 2 are used up during phosphorylation
which organelle are the 2 molecules of pyruvate taken after glycolysis
to the mitochondria
what is sbstrate level phosphorylation and when does it take place
Substrate level phosphorylation is when atp is produced without the presence of and etc or atp synthase.
Substrate level phosphorylation takes place during the oxidation of tp to pyruvate.
what is the difference between phosphorylation and photophosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation allows aerobic organisms to efficiently produce ATP from glucose
photophosphorylation enables photosynthetic organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP.
