glycolysis

Question 1

where does glycolysis occur

Answer 1

cytoplasm

Question 2

what is the three steps of glycolysis

Answer 2

phosphorylation

Splitting of hexose bisphosphate to triose phosphate

oxidation of TP to pyruvate.

Question 3

what type of cofactor is NAD

Answer 3

Organic co-enzyme

Question 4

What enzyme is NAD a coenzyme for

Answer 4

Dehydrogenase

Question 5

how many phosphate groups does NAD have

Answer 5

2

Question 6

what is the nitrogenous base of NAD

Answer 6

Adenine

Question 7

is adenine a purine or prymidine

Answer 7

PURINE

Question 8

How many hydrogen bonds can adenine make when bound to another base

Answer 8

2

Question 9

what sugar is present in NAD

Answer 9

ribose

Question 10

Describe the structure of NAD

Answer 10

2 phosphoryl groups
1 ribose, 5 carbon sugar
Nicotinamide (B3)
adenine

Question 11

In oxidation is hydrogen bonds and electrons lost or gained

Answer 11

lost

Question 12

in what stage does NAD accept hydrogen bonds to become reduced

Answer 12

Oxidation- last step of glycolysis

hydrogen is removed from triose phosphate to reduce NAD.

Question 13

describe the first step of glycolysis

Answer 13

Phosphorylation

1 ATP molecule is hydrolysed releasing a phosphoryl group
This phosphoryl group is added to glucose to make hexose monophosphate

another ATP molecule is hydrolysed to create hexose bisphosphate

Question 14

IN hexose bisphosphate there is 2 phosphate groups. At which carbons in the molecule are they found at

Answer 14

carbon 1 has a phosphate group

carbon 2 has a phosphate group.

Question 15

What happens in the second stage of Glycolysis

Answer 15

splitting of hexose bisphosphate

HB is split into two molecules of Triose phosphate (3c)

Question 16

At which part of glycolysis is ATP used and how many molecules is used

Answer 16

2 ATP molecules are used up in the phosphorylation stage.

—–2 ATP molecules are hydrolysed to release phosphate groups

Question 17

what is the last stage of glycolysis and describe

Answer 17

the oxidation of tp to pyruvate

dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen ions from the tp. Catalysed by NAD

2x molecules of NAD become reduced as they accept hydrogen from the triose phosphate

2x molecules of ATP are also released

2 molecules of pyruvate are produced and taken to the mitochondria

Question 18

how many molecules of NAD are reduced for one molecule of glucose

Answer 18

1 molecule of Glucose. 2 NAD are reduced

Question 19

what is the netgain of ATP at the end of glycolysis

Answer 19

there is a net gain of 2 atp molecules as 4 molecules of atp are produced at the oxidation of tp. However, 2 are used up during phosphorylation

Question 20

which organelle are the 2 molecules of pyruvate taken after glycolysis

Answer 20

to the mitochondria

Question 21

what is sbstrate level phosphorylation and when does it take place

Answer 21

Substrate level phosphorylation is when atp is produced without the presence of and etc or atp synthase.

Substrate level phosphorylation takes place during the oxidation of tp to pyruvate.

Question 22

what is the difference between phosphorylation and photophosphorylation

Answer 22

Oxidative phosphorylation allows aerobic organisms to efficiently produce ATP from glucose

photophosphorylation enables photosynthetic organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP.