Glycolysis Flashcards
1st commited step of glycolysis
Step 3: 2nd priming phosphorylation
Tautomerization? which step? what does it drive?
pyruvate: enol form to keto form. step 10. drives reaction toward ATP formation
Which step produces NADH?
Step 6
1st energy yielding step of glycolysis
Step 6: oxidation of GAP
Hexokinase
1st step. use ATP: add phosphate to glucose. F + I
Phosphohexose isomerase
2nd step. glucose to fructose. U + R
Phosphofructose kinase
3rd step. Use ATP to add phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate. F + I
Aldolase
4th step. Cleave fructose 1-6 phosphate into DHAP and GAP. U + R
Triose phosphate isomerase
5th step. DHAP to GAP. U + R
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
6th step. remove hydrogen and add phosphate to GAP –> 1-3 biphosphoglycerate. U + R. produces NADH
Phosphoglycerate kinase
7th step. make ATP! substrate level phosphorylation. F + R
Phosphoglycerate mutase
8th step. phosphoryl group from C3 to C2. U + R
Enolase
9th step. Water removed from phosphoglycerate –> phosphoenolpyruvate. U + R
Pyruvate kinase
10th step: generate ATP. F + I. tautomerization
Substrate level phosphorylation?
ATP produced by enzyme catalyzed transfer of Phosphate group from intermediate substrate to ADP
Oxidative phosphorylation
in e- transport chain. proton gradient provides E for ATP production –> ATP synthase uses E to phosphorylate ADP to form ATP
What regulates glycolysis? (2) How?
- Feedback inhibition: high levels of ATP inhibits PFK
- PFK: 2 binding sites: if ATP bound to active site –> enzyme catalyze step 3 VS if ATP bound to regulatory site –> inhibits enzyme
Which steps use ATP?
Steps 1 and 3
Which steps produce ATP?
Steps 7 and 10
High energy stored in what?
C-H and C-O bonds
Glucose oxidation through (3)
glycolysis + TCA cycle + electron transport chain
4 processes of cellular respiration and where?
- glycolysis: cell cytoplasm
- pyruvate processing: matrix of mitochondria (OR cytosol of prokaryotes)
- TCA cycle: matrix of mitochondria (OR cytosol of prokaryotes)
- e- transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation: inner membrane of mitochondria (OR membrane of prokaryotes)
2 fundamental requirement of cells
- Energy to generate ATP
- source of carbon to make macros
cellular respiration definition
any set of reaction that uses electrons from high-energy molecules to make ATP
what can also be included in glycolysis as intermediates?
amino acids, lipids, other carbs
in absence of oxygen as electron acceptor, cell can get E through ? (2)
Fermentation and anaerobic respiration
4 major pathways of glucose
- storage. glycogen, starch, sucrose
- synthesis of structural polymers (extracellular matrix, cell wall polysac)
- oxidation of pentose phosphate pathway: DNA/RNA biosynthesis
- oxidation via glycolysis: pyruvate –> how storage energy is released
are enzymes for glycolysis same for prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
yes
research of glycolysis –> role in modern biochemistry? (4)
- understanding role of enzymes
- discovery of role of ATP
- dev methods for enzyme purification
- inspiration for next gen of biochemists
What happens to glycolysis when cancer?
High turnover of glycolysis
What is used during glycolysis?
1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
What is made during glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH
Which 2 steps are coupled together to drive reactions forward? In glycolysis
Steps 6 ans 7. Step 7 is reversible even if it’s favorable.
