Glycolysis Flashcards

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1
Q

How is glucose broken down?

A

Glycolysis (catabolism)

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2
Q

How is glucose reformed?

A

Gluconeogenesis (anabolism)

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3
Q

Why does glycolysis happen so frequently?

A

A significant amount of glucose synthesis required to meet the brains requirements

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4
Q

How do catabolism and anabolism occur temporally?

A

Catabolism and anabolism frequently occur at the same time however they are often spatially separated (cell and tissue)

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5
Q

What is glycogen?

A

How we store glucose in the body

  • Highly branched glucose polymer
  • Stored as granules in the cytosol of cells
  • Synthesis and breakdown is regulated by glucagon and insulin through protein phospholylation cascades
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6
Q

Where are there high concentrations of glycogen?

A

Liver and muscles

  • Liver glycogen is easily released into the circulation
  • Muscle glycogen is for local use during exercise and fasting
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7
Q

How many ATP molecules does one glucose molecule produce?

A

28-32

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8
Q

What are the 4 steps of glycolysis?

A
  1. Glucose (6C) is phosphorylated into glucose-6-phophate and then fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (6C) with the addition of 2 ATP molecules (Hexokinase)
  2. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (6C) splits into 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-P (3C)
  3. each glyceraldehyde-3-P (3C) is phosphorylated into a molecule of 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (3C)
  4. Each molecule of 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (3C) loses a molecule of H to NAD to generate 2 NADH molecules and loses 2 phosphate groups to generate 4 ATP molecules. Each molecule of 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (3C) becomes a molecule of pyruvate (3C)
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9
Q

How many ATP are used in glycolysis?

A

2

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10
Q

How many ATP are made in glycolysis?

A

4

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11
Q

What is the net production of ATP from glycolysis?

A

2

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12
Q

How many NADH are generated in glycolysis?

A

2

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13
Q

What does glycolysis need an input of?

A

ADP and NAD+

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14
Q

Can other carbohydrates enter glycolysis?

A

Enter glycolysis at different points or are converted into glucose first

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15
Q

What can happen to pyruvate once it is generated?

A
  • Transaminated to alanine for gluconeogenesis
  • Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) to make lactate
  • In aerobic conditions it goes into the mitochondrial krebs cycle
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16
Q

What is the process of glucose uptake?

A
  • The only mechanism by which cells can take up glucose is by facillitated diffusion through a family of hexose transporters. In many tissues - muscles for example - the major transporter used for the uptake of glucose (GLUT4) is made available in the plasma membrane through the action of insulin
17
Q

What happens to pyruvate in the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate combines with Co-A to form Acetyl-CoA and CO2 reducing a molecule of NAD to NADH
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

18
Q

What happens to pyruvate in anaerobic conditions?

A

Becomes lactate with addition of H from NADH

  • Lactate dehydrogenase
  • Lactate acidosis >5mM