Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2nd yr- IBMS- glucose homeostasis > Glycogen synthesis > Flashcards

Glycogen synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Where can carbohydrates be stored?

A

Can be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens to excess carbohydrates when glycogen reserves are full?

A

full excess carbohydrate is converted to fat for storage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Surplus glucose stored as?

A

It is stored as glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does Glycogenesis begin?

A

Begins with the the phosphorylation of glucose by glucokinase and by hexokinase .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do we activate our glucose molecule

A
  1. Glucose is phosphorylated by glucokinase and by hexokinase (this costs 1ATP)
  2. Then glucose-6-phosphate is converted into glucose-1-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase
  3. glucose-1- phosphate is converted to uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucose catalysed by UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do glucokinase and hexokinase do?

A

Phosphorylates glucose into Glucose 6-phosphate (this requires 1ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does phosphoglucomutase do?

A

Converts Glucose 6-phosphate into Glucose 1-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does UDP- Glucose

pyrophosphorylase do?

A

Converts Glucose 1-phosphate into UDP glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why does glucose need to be activated before glycogen synthesis can begin?

A

Glucose needs to be activated before it can be added to the no reducing end of the glycogen chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How may ATPs does it take to activate glucose?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What drives the activation of glucose reaction?

A

The formation of UDP and pyrophosphate

These pyrophosphate can be phosphorylated to release 2 free energy inorganic phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

After guise has been activated what does it need to do?

A

It needs to be coupled onto our glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do we need to be able to couple our activated glucose onto glycogen?

A

A primer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the primer we use to couple our activated glucose onto glycogen?

A

It is glycogen with a minimum number of sub units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is our initial glycogen formed by?

A

By glycogenin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name theentyme that joins glycogen and the active form of glucose

A

Glycogen synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the only link glycogen synthase can produce

A

Glycogen 1,4 linkage

18
Q

Name a common intermediate found in carbohydrate condensation reactions

A

Nucleoside diphosphate

19
Q

What provides the energy needed to link the active glucose to the non reducing end on glycogen ?

A

The high energy bond between
the sugar and the nucleoside diphosphate
provides the energy needed to link the new
sugar to the non reducing end.

20
Q

How is the branching of the glycogen completed?

A

It is completed by transferring a minimum of 6 alpha (1-4) glucan units from the elongated chain onto the sam for neighbouring chain by introducing an alpha (1-6^) linkage

21
Q

Name the enzyme that helps for branches on glycogen

A

The branching enzyme

22
Q

How Does the branching enzyme work?

A

Works by taking a block of units from the non reducing terminal of a glycogen polymer
It breaks an alpha 1-4 linkage and for an alpha 1-6 linkage

23
Q

What conditions need to be fulfilled so that the branching enzyme can work?

A
  1. You need a minimum chain length of 10-11 sub units

2. Branching enzymes needs to attach at least 4 units into the glycogen chain

24
Q

What is Andersons disease caused by?

A

A deficiency in the branching enzyme

25
Q

What are the consequences of having Andersons disease

A

Liver failure and death in the first year of life

26
Q

Talk through the hormonal control of glycogen synthesis

A
  1. Insulin receptor (Tyrosine kinase) activated protein kinase
  2. Protein kinase activates Phosphoprotein phosphatase 1
  3. Phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 does 2 things:
    A. Inhibits glycogen phosphorylase b thus switching go glycogen breakdown
    B. Activantes glycogen synthase a so that glycogen synthase occurs
27
Q

Where is insulin secreted from?

A

Secreted from the pancreas

28
Q

When is insulin secreted?

A

Secreted in response to increased blood glucose

29
Q

After being secreted from the pancreas where does insulin go?

A

Insulin travels to taget tissues eg muscles, liver and adipose
There is binds to the membrane receptors and effects metabolise to promote synthesis of glycogen

30
Q

What does insulin do in the muscle

A

1 Insulin briefly increases the number of membrane glucose transporters

  1. Increases glucose uptake from the blood
  2. Also activates glycogen synthesis so the glucose can be stored as glycogen
31
Q

What does insulin do in the liver

A
  1. Takes up glucose fro blood so insulin doesn’t influence the number of membrane glucose transporters
  2. Insulin activates glycogen synthesis so liver is able to store more glucose as glycogen
32
Q

How much glycogen can we sore in the body?

A

About 300 g

33
Q

What happens once glycogen stores are full

A

Glucose entering the liver will be converted into dat and sent to the adipose tissues to be stored

34
Q

What does insulin do in the adipose tissue

A
  1. Insulin briefly increases the number of membrane glucose transporters
  2. You get an increased glucose uptake fro te blood
  3. Insulin also stimulates the conversion of guise to fat for storage
35
Q

What is diabetes type 1

A

It is insulin dependent diabetes caused by a deficiency of insulin due to beta cell destruction

36
Q

How I diabetes type 1 treated?

A

Treated with insulin

37
Q

What is diabetes type II

A

It is non insulin dependent diabetes

It is a long term disorder that is primarily characterized by insulin resistance

38
Q

Give some risk factors of diabetes II?

A

Obesity

Genetic factors

39
Q

How is diabetes II treated?

A

Diet
Exercise
Hypoglycemic drugs,
sometimes insulin.

40
Q

What oral implications are associated with uncontrolled diabetes?

A

Elvated blood glucose causes salivary glucose concentration to increase
This has an impact on oral microbiology leading to increased oral disease especially periodontal disease

41
Q

Name the disease that occurs due to A deficiency in the branching enzyme

A

Andersons disease

2nd yr- IBMS- glucose homeostasis (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions