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Biochemistry Test 2 > Glycogen Metabolism > Flashcards

Glycogen Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the advantage of glycogen breakdown by phosphorolysis compared with hydrolysis?

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2
Q

Describe the significance of glycogenolysis in liver versus muscle.

A

The product of glycogenolysis (G1P) in muscle, is not available to other tissues, since muscle lacks the crucial enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase.

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3
Q

Describe how glucose 1-phosphate is converted into glucose 6-phosphate.

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4
Q

Describe the phosphorylation mediated, regulation of enzyme activity.

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5
Q

Name the two hormones that are involved in triggering glycogenolysis and describe their specificity.

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6
Q

Describe the mechanism by which PKA is activated.

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7
Q

Describe the glycogenolysis cascade, and discuss the kinases that are involved in the pathway.

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8
Q

Describe the role of calcium in glycogenolysis, especially with reference to the neuromuscular stimulus.

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9
Q

Describe the activation of the alpha-adrenergic receptor and the associated cascade of biochemical events.

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10
Q

Describe the role of protein phosphatase inhibitor 1 (PPI-1) during glycogenolysis.

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11
Q

Describe the fight or flight response in relation to glycogen metabolism.

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12
Q

Describe the role of AMP and Calcium in muscle.

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13
Q

Describe how UDP-glucose is formed.

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14
Q

How are alpha 1-6 branches in glycogen formed?

A

They are formed by a (alpha-1-4)-(alpha-1-6)-glucan transferase, commonly known as branching enzyme. It transfers terminal fragments of 6-7 glucose residues to an internal glucose residue at the C-6 hydroxyl position to form a branching point.

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15
Q

Describe glycogenin.

A

It is a protein that has been shown to perform primer synthesis. It autocatalytically attaches C-1 of a UDP-glucose (UDPG) to its tyrosine residue

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16
Q

Describe the three major allosteric effectors and its effect on glycogen synthase-b.

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17
Q

Describe the properties and role of glucose 6-phosphatase in glycogen metabolism.

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18
Q

Describe how a futile cycle of glycogenolysis and glycogen synthesis (i.e. operating the same time) is prevented.

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19
Q

Describe very briefly the mode of action of alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic hormones.

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20
Q

What are heterotrimeric G proteins?

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21
Q

Briefly describe how protein kinase A (PKA) is activated.

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22
Q

What are the products that are formed by the action of phospholipase C?

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23
Q

Describe the control of blood gucose level by hormones.

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24
Q

What enzymes or proteins are affected in Pompe’s disease?

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25
Q

What enzymes or proteins are affected in Cori’s disease?

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26
Q

What enzymes or proteins are affected in McArdle’s disease?

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27
Q

What enzymes or proteins are affected in Anderson’s disease?

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28
Q

What enzymes or proteins are affected in Von Gierke’s disease?

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29
Q

What enzymes or proteins are affected in Hers disease?

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30
Q

Explain the reason why liver glycogen phosphorylase enyme would not be prone to allosteric regulation by G6P as opposed to muscle glycogen phosphorylase.

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31
Q

Can you explain why glycogen phosphorylase is phosphorylated by only one kinase? Why is glycogen synthase inactivated progressively by many kinases?

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32
Q

Can Von Gierke’s patients carry out gluconeogenesis normally? If not, explain why?

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33
Q

Which of the tissues (liver or muscle) would contain more total glycogen per gram of tissue?

A

The liver has ~100 g of glycogen and skeletal muscle has ~400 g of glycogen.

34
Q

What is/are the physiological advantage(s) of having branched glycogen as opposed to linear glycogen in mammals?

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35
Q

Can we conceive how much of liver glycogen serves for its own metabolism (aside from the glucose that is pumped into the blood)?

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36
Q

Descrbe the relationship of glucsose/glycogen metabolism to Type I and Type II diabetes.

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37
Q

Type I diabetes can be better controlled by insulin administration (true/false?)

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38
Q

Can we come up with a hypothesis as to why type II diabetics are obese?

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39
Q

Describe the biochemical basis of diabetic retinopathy.

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40
Q

Describe the production of glucitol/sorbitol.

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41
Q

What is glycation?

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42
Q

Describe the biochemical basis of diabetic nephropathy.

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43
Q

Explain the biochemical/physiological basis of diabetes being a cardiovascular problem.

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44
Q

Hemoglobin A1c levels are used as an indicator to assesss the severity of diabetes. Explain this in biochemical terms.

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45
Q

Explain the biochemical basis of hypoglycemia.

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46
Q

What are GLUT’s?

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47
Q

What is the normal fasting level of glucose in the blood? (Explain it in percent and mM concentrations)

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48
Q

Muscle can respond to insulin, however it doesn’t respond to glucagon. Explain and rationalize why evolution made it this way. (What is so special about muscle compared to liver?)

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49
Q

Describe the major connecting point between glycogen and gluconeogenesis metabolism.

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50
Q

Why are proteins prone to non-enzymatic glycation?

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51
Q

Explain in biochemical/biophysical terms why glucose molecule in excess concentrations is a big problem maker in tissues and organs.

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Biochemistry Test 2 (10 decks)

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