Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Lipid lectures > Glycerophospholipid synthesis > Flashcards

Glycerophospholipid synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

what is a type of storage lipid?

A

TAG’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are 2 kinds of membrane lipids

A

phospholipids

Glycolipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 2 groups of phospholipids?

what are their structure?

A

glycerophospholipids

  • 2 FA
  • a phosphate and a head group (ie, alcohol)

sphingolipids

  • one FA
  • a phosphate and a head group (ie. choline)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is one type of glycolipids?

structure?

A

sphingolipids

  • 1 fatty acid
  • a mono or oligosaccharide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is ester made

A

an ester linkage is formed
when a hydroxyl group reacts with a carboxylic acid in a condensation reaction, which
liberates a water molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what results from first addition of FA

A

phosphatidic acid AKA diacylglycerol-3-phosphate

only present in small amounts, but is key intermediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are 5 possible alcohols that can serve as a head group?

A

serine

ethanolamine

Choline

glycerol

inositol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

palmitic acid saturation

A

fully saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

oleic acid saturation

A

one double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the simplest glycerolphospholipid

A

phosphatidic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

name the others based on the alcohol groups

which on is name a little differently

A

phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which one has a glycerophospholipid within another?

what is its head group?

A

cardiolipin

phosphatidyl glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are Ether phospholipids

A

glycerophospholipids in which the fatty acid at

position C1 of glycerol is attached with an ether linkage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what kind are plasmologens

where are they found?

A

vinyl ether lipids, with an unsaturated double bond between C1 and C2 of the alkene
chain. Plasmalogens are abundant in the membranes of cardiac muscle tissue,
as well as many single cell organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the structure of choline

A

CH2-CH2-N+(CH3)3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the structure of plasmologens

A

ether linkage

esterlinkage

phosphate and choline

Note: saturated alkene chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Platelet activating factor structure

roles?

A

is a 1-alkyl-2-acetyl ether analog of
phosphatidylcholine. It promotes the aggregation of platelets and the release of
the vasoconstrictor, serotonin, from platelets. Platelet activating factor also
plays an important role in inflammation and the allergic response in a variety of
tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sphingosine

A

has a long hydrocarbon tail and a polar region that includes an amino group. The
amino group can form an amide bond with the carboxylic group of fatty acids,
yielding ceramide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the only membrane phospholipid not

derived from glycerol.

A

Sphingomyelin is the only membrane phospholipid not

derived from glycerol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

name the head groups of sphingolipids

A

ceramide has an H or none

phosphocholine

glucose

di,tri or tetrasaccharide

complex oligosaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

name that sphingolipids with various head groups

A

ceramide

sphingomyelin (only membrane phospholipid not
derived from glycerol.)

neutral glycolipids Glucosylcerebroside

lactosylceramide (a globoside)

ganglioside GM2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The eicosanoids

A

The eicosanoids paracrine hormones derived from polyunsaturated 20-carbon
fatty acids, predominantly arachadonic acid. The eicosanoids elicit a variety of
effects on numerous vertebrate tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sialic acid?

A

makes sphingonine???

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In general, the assembly of phospholipids from simple precursors
requires:

A

(i) synthesis of the backbone molecular, (ii) attachment of fatty acid(s) to
the backbone in ester or ether linkages, (iii) addition of a hydrophilic headgroup
joined to the backbone molecule via a phosphodiester bond, and in some cases,
(iv) alteration or exchange of the headgroup to yield the final phospholipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
where does phospholipid synthesis occur?
In bacteria, phospholipid biosynthesis occurs at the plasma membrane; in eukaryotic cells, it occurs primarily at the surface of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
26
The first steps of glycerophospholipid biosynthesis are shared with
the pathway for the synthesis of triacylglycerols.
27
what enzyme transfers Acyl-CO's to glycerol 3 phoshate
acyl transferase
28
how is glycerol 3 phosphate made?
by glycerol 3 phoshate dehydrogenase and by glycerol kinase
29
how are FA activated
acyl-CoA synthetase
30
what is endo product after adding 2 acyl groups to glycerol
phosphatidic acid
31
what can phosphatidic acid become if it is dephosphorylated
1,2- diacylglycerol via phosphatidic acid phosphatase what happens if another acyl group is added? it becomes triacylglycerol
32
what can phosphatidic acid become of a head group is added
general name : glycerolphospholipid
33
What is partiular about the bond used to attach the Head group?
The polar head group of is attached through a phosphodiester bond. However, the phosphodiester bond is not the result of direct condensation reactions between phosphoric acid and two alcohols.
34
Biosynthetically, this occurs through activation of the one of the hydroxyls by the nucleotide cytidine diphosphate. What are the 2 strategies used?
There are two strategies for the attachment of | headgroups, via: (i) activated diacylglycerol, or (ii) an activated headgroup.
35
describe the strategies. who uses it?
-The first strategy, activated diacylglycerol, is utilized by bacteria, and by eukaryotes for some lipids [see below]). -(CDP diacylglycerol is acitvating molecule.) -Eukaryotes synthesize their anionic phospholipids (PG, CL, and PI) in a manner similar to bacteria, through the use of activated diacylglycerol. Note that CL synthesis differs in that prokaryotes condense two PG while eukaryotes condense activated diacylglycerol with PG. Yeast -Yeast and bacteria use similar approaches to synthesize PS and PE (via serine and activated diacylglycerol), and methylate PE to make PC.
36
What is unique to mammals?
-In mammals, methylation of PE to PC only happens in the liver. -Except for the liver, mammals use the second strategy, one of an activated headgroup, to synthesize PC (the most abundant glycerophospholipid in animal tissues) and PE.
37
How is PS synthesized in mammals
Mammals synthesize PS through a headgroup-exchange of serine and ethanolamine or serine and choline.
38
how does synthesis of plasmalogens occur?
The synthesis of plasmalogens and other ether-linked phospholipids occurs via dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
39
number colon and another number
number of carbons: number of unsaturated bonds
40
How do you turn off platelet activating factor
cleave acetyl ester
41
what is the only sphingolipid that is also a phospholipid
sphingomyelin
42
middle group of sphingolipids
makes amide bond
43
glycerol kinase only happens in what organs
kidney and liver
44
bacteria use what strategy
Bacteria employ the strategy that uses | CDP-diacylglycerol.
45
Pathway for bacterial anionic phospholipid biosynthesis
leads to phosphatidylgycerol and then to cardiolipin
46
Pathway for bacterial zwitterionic phospholipid biosynthesis
phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine
47
CDP-diacylglycerol strategy is used to make what in eukaryotes
anionic phospholipids PG, CL and PI
48
what do fungi use CDP-diacylglycerol strategy for
synthesis of PS and PE, and they methylate | PE to produce PC.
49
mammals use headgroup exchange to:
- mammals synthesize PS via a headgroup exchange with PE (or PC), - not from directly from CDP-diacylglycerol, - methylation of PE only occurs in the liver (forms PC).
50
how do mammals synthesize PS
Mammals synthesize PS via a headgroup | exchange with PE or PC
51
how do mammals synthesize PC and PE
Mammals use the strategy of condensing activated headgroups and diacylglcerol for synthesizing PC and PE.
52
Activated choline condenses diacylglycerol to form
PC.
53
Activated ethanolamine condenses diacylglycerol to form
PE
54
what are most prevalent phospholipids
PC and PE
55
Summarize strategy
1. - BActeria use strategy 1 for everything 2. -Eukaryotes: - strategy 1 to make PG, cardiolipin, phosphatidyl inositol and such - PS head group exchange - PC and PE: Energy activate head group strategy 2 KNow head groups and
56
Synthesis of plasmalogens involves:
1. Displacment of the 1-acyl group by a long-chain alcohol. 2. Reduction of the ketone. Acylation of the C2-OH. Hydrolysis of 3’-phosphate. Condensation with activated, CDP-ethanolamine (or CDP-choline, not shown). Introduction of the double bond into the alkyl chain. Headgroup, if modified, done like with common ester-linked glycerophospholipids.
57
surfactant
major components: - Dipalmidyol PC (DPPC)- major component - Unsaturated PC - PG - the rest: proteins, cholesterol, FA's, other lipids
58
precursor to plasmologens
DHAP
59
Sphingolipid biosynthesis has 4 stages:
1. Synthesis of sphinganine, an 18 carbon amino alcohol. 2. Attachment of a fatty acid via an amide bond. 3. Desaturation of the alkane chain of acylsphinganine (results in ceramide). 4. Headgroup attachment.
60
sphingomyelin synthesis
1- headgroup exchange with PC 2. Previously thought that SM was synthesized from N-acylsphingosine and CDP-choline, now known that is a minor pathway. 3. Most prevalent acyl groups in SM are 16:0 and 18:0. 4. Synthesis occurs in the Golgi, unlike ceramide and other phospholipids.
61
Glucocerebroside are where? what is it a precursor to?
Glucocerebroside | A minor lipid in non-neural tissue, however it is the precursor of globosides and gangliosides.
62
What is true about both Glucocerebroside and Galactocerebroside
Both are linked by a b-linkage at position 1 of the hexose.
63
Where are Galactocerobrosides? what are they refered to often?
Galactocerebroside | A common lipid in brain, often referred to as “cerebroside”
64
glycerophospholipids made where
in smooth ER
65
all others from ceramide are made
in the golgi (because sugars are tranfered)
66
cerobrosides have how many sugars
one sugar
67
sulfatides
- synthesized: galactocerbroside reacted with PAPS - 15% of brain white matter lipids. - PAPS serves as the source for the activated sulfate group. - Sulfate is transferred almost exclusively to the 3-0H of galactose. - Note, with the addition of the sulfate, the monosaccharide has a negative charge, so sulfatides are not neutral sphingoglycolipids.
68
gangliosides have
sialic acid
69
glangioside branch (how many)
more than 60 known
70
where are gangliosides made?
-Additions carried out by a series of glycosyl transferases (in Golgi). Extra!! -Addition of 2nd NANA to GM3 leads to GD series. Addition of GlcNAc to lacosyl ceramide before NANA leads to GA2. Overall, more than 60 known gangliosides.
71
Nomenclature
``` M = 1 SA D = 2 SA T = 3 SA Q = 4 SA Also have other letters based on branching. ``` = 5 - moieties (not counting SA)
72
The diversity of attached sugars of the different sphingolipids allows what?
The diversity of attached sugars allows the different sphingolipids to serve as molecular tags or markers.
73
Glycosphingolipids have many important biological roles.
Two examples are: - They participate in the cell surface structures associated with blood types. - Ganglioside GM1 is the receptor for cholera toxin in the human intestine.
74
Describe turnoever of sphingolipids
The synthesis and degradation of sphingolipids is carefully controlled. Normally, there is constant turnover of sphingolipids, which occurs in lysosomes.
75
What are the main attributes of lipid storage diseases?
most often in glycolipid storage diseases the biosynthetic rate remains normal, but a mutation exists in a structural gene for a hydrolase. Impaired degradation of sphingolipids results in accumulation of membrane lipids, which have severe clinical manifestations.
76
what order are sugars removed
in reverse order in which they were added
77
sx's of lipid storage diseases
large liver and spleen scholiosis opaque cloudiness macular spots ataxia, dystonia, hypotonia macroglossia
78
Tay Sachs
lack hexosaminidase (GM2 to GM3) - High risk in the Ashkenzi Jewish population, with a 1: 25 carrier frequency. - An in vitro enzymatic clinical assay for Tay-Sachs disease. (fluorescent alkaline medium)
79
Generalized gangliosidosis
beta-gangliosidase (GM1 to GM2)
80
Gaucher's
glucocerebrosidase (ceramide-Glc to ceramide) -treatment
81
Niemann Pick
sphingomyelinase (ceramide-PC to ceramide)
82
fabry's disease
alpha- galactosidase A ( ceramide + Glc-gal-gal)
83
sandhoffs
hexominidase A and B ( Globoside to ceramide + Glc-gal-gal)

Lipid lectures (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions