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IMMS > Glucose Metabolism > Flashcards

Glucose Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytosol

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2
Q

what is the purpose of glycolysis?

A
  1. energy producing pathway when oxygen is limiting

2. generates precursors for biosynthesis

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3
Q

what precursors does glycolysis produce?

A
  1. glucose-6-phosphate
  2. pyruvate
  3. glycerol-3-phosphate
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4
Q

Summarise the steps of glycolysis

A 
glucose
glucose-6-phosphate
fructose-6-phosphate
fructose-1,6-biphosphate
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (+ dihydroxyacetone phosphate)
1,3-biphosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
phosphoenolpyruvate 
pyruvate
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5
Q

what steps of glycolysis are irreversible?

A
  1. glucose -> G6P
  2. F6P -> F-1,6,-P
  3. phosphoenolpyruvate -> pyruvate
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6
Q

which enzymes catalyse:

glucose -> G6P

A
  1. hexokinase

2. glucokinase

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7
Q

which enzyme catalyses:

G6P -> F6P

A

phosphoglucose isomerase

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8
Q

which enzyme catalyses:

F6P -> F-1,6-P

A

phosphofructokinase-1

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9
Q

which enzyme catalyses:

F-1,6-P -> glyceraldehyde-3P (+ dihydroxyacetone phoshate)

A

aldolase

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10
Q

which enzyme catalyses:

glyceraldehyde-3P = dihydroxyacetone phosphate

A

triose phosphate isomerase

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11
Q

which enzyme catalyses:

glyceraldehyde-3P -> 1,3-biphosphoglycerate

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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12
Q

which enzyme catalyses:

1,3-biphosphoglycerate -> 3-phosphoglycerate

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

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13
Q

which enzyme catalyses:

3-phosphoglycerate -> 2-phosphoglycerate

A

phosphoglyceromutase

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14
Q

which enzyme catalyses:

2-phosphoglycerate -> phosphoenolpyruvate

A

enolase

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15
Q

which enzyme catalyses:

phosphoenolpyruvate -> pyruvate

A

pyruvate kinase

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16
Q

which steps in glycolysis use ATP?

A
  1. glucose -> G6P

2. F6P -> F-1,6-P

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17
Q

which steps in glycolysis produce ATP?

A
  1. 1,3-biphosphoglycerate -> 3-phosphoglycerate

2. phosphoenolpyruvate -> pyruvate

18
Q

what is the summary equation for glycolysis?

A

glucose + 2NAD+ + Pi + 2ADP -> 2pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O

19
Q

what happens to the pyruvate from glycolysis in anaerobic conditions?

A
  • catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase to form lactate

- NAD+ is regenerated

20
Q

what happens to pyruvate from glycolysis in aerobic conditions?

A
  1. enters mitochondria
  2. converted to acetyl CoA + CO2 by pyruvate dehydrogenase
  3. acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle
21
Q

where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

22
Q

what is the energy gain from the Krebs cycle?

A

6 NADH
2 FADH
2 ATP

23
Q

Summarise the Krebs cycle

A 
acetyl-CoA
citrate
isocitrate
alpha-ketoglutatate
succinyl-CoA
succinate
fumarate
malate
oxaloacetate
citrate
24
Q

what can produce the acetyl-CoA needed for the Krebs cycle?

A
  1. acetate
  2. pyruvate
  3. ketone bodies
  4. amino acids
25
Q

what enzyme catalyses:

acetyl-CoA -> citrate

A

citrate synthase

26
Q

what enzyme catalyses:

citrate -> isocitrate

27
Q

what enzyme catalyses:

isocitrate -> alpha-ketoglutarate

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

28
Q

what enzyme catalyses:

alpha-ketoglutarate -> succinyl-CoA

A

alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

29
Q

what enzyme catalyses:

succinyl-CoA -> succinate

A

succinyl-CoA thiokinase

30
Q

what enzyme catalyses:

succinate -> fumarate

A

succinate dehydrogenase

31
Q

what enzyme catalyses:

fumarate -> malate

32
Q

what enzyme catalyses:

malate -> oxaloacetate

A

malate dehydrogenase

33
Q

which step in the Krebs cycle produces ATP and GTP?

A

succinyl-CoA -> succinate

34
Q

what is the overall reaction for the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2H2O -> 2CO2 + 3NADH + FADH2 + GTP + 3H+ + CoA

35
Q

where does oxidate phosphorylation take place?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

36
Q

summarise oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. components of the ETC accept electrons (reduced) and pass them on (oxidised)
  2. electrons are transferred to their final electron acceptor (O2)
  3. the free energy is used to power the movement of H+ across the inner membrane space, creating a proton motive gradient
  4. ATP produced as protons flux through ATP synthase
37
Q

what are the rate limiting steps of glycolysis?

A
  1. glucose -> G6P (hexokinase)
  2. F6P -> F-1,6-BP (PFK-1)
  3. phosphoenolpyruvate -> pyruvate (pyruvate kinase)
38
Q

what are the rate limiting steps in the Krebs cycle?

A
  1. acetyl-CoA -> citrate (citrate synthase)
  2. isocitrate -> alpha-ketoglutarate (isocitrate dehydrogenase)
  3. alpha-ketoglutarate -> succinyl-CoA (alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase)
39
Q

which steps in the Krebs cycle produce NADH?

A
  • isocitrate -> a-ketoglutarate
  • a-ketoglutarate -> succinyl CoA
  • malate -> oxaloacetate
  • pyruvate -> acetyl CoA
40
Q

what steps in the Krebs cycle produce FADH?

A

succinate -> fumarate

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