Glucose Homeostasis Flashcards
The enzyme which catalyses the conversion of glucose to glycogen
Glycogen synthase
The enzyme which catalyses the conversion of glycogen to glucose
Glycogen phosphorylase
Treatments of Type 1
Insulin injections
Treatments of Type 2
Diet, exercise, drugs (e.g Metformin), insulin injections, gastric bypass
Symptoms of hypoglycaemia
2.5> Seizures, coma, as brain needs constant supply of glucose to create ATP required for nerves to function.
2> death
Symptoms of hyperglycaemia
> 20mM= glucose not reabsorbed by kidney from urine= glucose in the urine (glucosuria), resulting in polyuria (lots of urinating), compensated for by intense thirst (polydipsia). Also glycation and insulin resistance.
Level of glycation that is a problem
If more than 5% of haemoblobin is in the HBA1C then it’s an issue.
What glycation results in
Damage to capillaries meaning blood may not reach the extremities, leading to blindness, kidney issues, decreased healing of sores.
HBA1C Ranges
<40: Normal
40-50: Insulin resistant
>50: Diabetic
Diabetic fasting glucose and glucose at any one time
7mM, 11.1mM
Symptoms of diabetes
Increased thirst
Increased hunger
Dry mouth
Frequent urination
Unexplained weight loss (even though you are eating and feeling hungry)
Fatigue
Blurred vision
Headaches
What is HbA1C
HbA1C is a form of haemoglobin which is glycated. If more than 5% are in this form this is a problem
Transduction
The process of allosterically inducing change in the cell
How long does it take for the insulin gene for producing more insulin to be switched on
30-60 minutes
What is DKA
Diabetic Ketoacidosis - during gluconeogenesis triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. Fatty acids form acidic ketone bodies which causes the blood pH to fall dangerously low. Ketone bodies are also lost by urine, increasing dehydration
