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LSCI 211 > Glucose > Flashcards

Glucose Flashcards

1
Q

Smallest carbohydrate?

A

Glyceraldehyde

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2
Q

Largest carbohydrate?

A

Amylopectin

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3
Q

Functions of carbohydrates? {ESI}

A
  • Energy Source/Storage
  • Structural Component of Cell walls + Exoskeletons
  • Information Signalling -> Sugar Code
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4
Q

Two types of signalling types? [sugar code/NO]

A
  1. N-LINK
  2. O-LINK

Protect proteins from proteases on surface of cell membrane! Covalently linked -> glycoproteins, glycolipids, protoglycines

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5
Q

Carbohydrates are _____ and have 2 categories:

A

Polyhydroxyl

  1. Aldose {Aldehyde}
  2. Ketose {Ketones}
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6
Q

Examples of Monosaccharides

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Galactose
  3. Fructose
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7
Q

Examples of dissacharides

A
  1. Maltose
  2. Lactose
  3. Sucrose
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8
Q

Components of Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

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9
Q

Components of Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

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10
Q

Components of Lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose

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11
Q

Olgiosaccharides

A
  • 3-10 Monosccahrides -> Linked to lipids/proteins
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12
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • >10 monosaccharides
  • 1000 monosaccharides = Cellulose + Amylose (Unbranched)
  • Branched = Amylopectin!
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13
Q

Most sugars are defined in _ conformation?

A

D

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14
Q

What is significance of D/L configuration?

A

Determines rotation {L/R} in plane polarized light.

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15
Q

Fischer projection .. D conformation is when OH group is found ..

A

on the RIGHT

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16
Q

Fischer configuration … L when OH group is on the?

A

LEFT

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17
Q

A molecule has 3 chiral centres, how many stereoisomers?

A

2^3, therefore 8 stereoisomers.

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18
Q

A ketone sugar has the empirical formula of (CH20)6 .. what is the name?

A

Ketohexose

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19
Q

An aldose sugar with the empirical formula (CH20)3 , what is the name?

A

Aldoltriose

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20
Q

Draw Glylceraldelhyde

A
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21
Q

What is an epimer?

A

2 sugars that differ in the configuration of one carbon only.

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22
Q

D-Mannose is a ___

A

C2 epimer of glucose

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23
Q

D-Allose is a

A

C-3 Epimer of glucose

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24
Q

D-Galactose is a

A

C4 Epimer of glucose

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25
Q

Draw the main structures of D-Aldotriose (1) and D-Aldoterioise (2)

A

D-Glyceraldehyde

D-Erythose

D-Threose

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26
Q

Name the 4 Aldopentoses

A

D-Ribose

D-Arabinose

D-Xylose

D-Lyxose

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27
Q

Name the 3 most important aldohexoses

A

D-Glucose

D-Mannose

D-Galactose

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28
Q

Alcohol attacking an aldehyde in solutuion creates …

A

Hemiacetal

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29
Q

Alcohol attacking a ketone in solution creates ..

A

Hemiketal

30
Q

Draw the alpha-D-Glucose, what percent is often found in solution?

A

32%

31
Q

Draw beta-D-Glucose, what percent is often found in solution?

A

68%

32
Q

Why is more beta glucose found in solution compared to alpha glucose?

A

LESS stearic clash when hydroxyl group is in the beta position, leading to a more vulnerable area.

33
Q

5 membered oxygen containing ring =

A

Furan - 5 bonds!

34
Q

6 membered oxygen containing ring?

A

Pyran - 6 bonds!

35
Q

Conversions between beta and alpha is known as:

A

Mutarotation

36
Q

Glycosidic linkages are …

A

Non Static!

Bonds can break.

1) leads to anomeric C1, alpha or beta (99%)

OR

2) No glycosidic linakges form

(1%)

37
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A
  • The 1%
  • Monosaccharides that can oxidize (become reduced) and give carboxylic acid.
  • Have extra electrons, can lose these electrons to reducs another sugar.
38
Q

Explain Fehlings reaction

A
  1. Presence of a monosaccharide with a reducing end
  2. Becomes oxidized by losing electrons to Cu2+ -> Cu<strong>+</strong> (copper is reduced)
  3. Reduced copper = cupric oxide, solution turns blue
  4. Tests glucose levels in urine + blood.
39
Q

Explain tohlens reaction

A

Same a fehlings, but Ag3+ -> Ag2+

Silver gets reduced and forms cuprous red oxides.

40
Q

Describe the glucose oxidation reaction

A

D-Glucose + O2 ->(glucose oxidase) D-Glucono-S-Lactone + H202

41
Q

What is the significance of H202 in the glucose oxidation reaction?

A

Amount of COLOUR CHANGE = H202 GENERATED = AMOUNT OF GLUCOSE (in blood/urine)

42
Q

How are monosaccharides chemically modifies? (OAAP)

A
  1. Oxidation
  2. Phosphorylation
  3. Amidation
  4. Acetlytation
43
Q

GALN?

A

Galactosamine

44
Q

GLCN?

A

Glucosamine

45
Q

GALNAC?

A

N-Acetylgalactosamine

46
Q

GLCNAC?

A

N-Acetylglucosamine

47
Q

Draw alpha-D-Glucopyranose from fisher and hayworth projections.

A

See notes.

48
Q

Draw alpha-d-fructofuronase from fischer and hayworth

A

See notes.

49
Q

Name the two kinds of polysaccharides

A
  1. Homopolysaccharides
  2. Heterosaccharides
50
Q

What are the two kinds of homopolysaccharides?

A
  1. Branched
  2. Unbranched
51
Q

2 examples of unbranced homopolysaccharides

A
  1. Amylose
  2. Cellulose
52
Q

Describe Amylose

A
  • Homogenous (structure/support)
  • Alpha 1,4 linked
  • unbranched
53
Q

Describe cellulose

A
  • Homogenous (structure/support)
  • Water insoluble, plants.
  • Beta-1,4 linkages
  • HBonds between adjacent monomers
  • most abundant polysaccharide in nature
54
Q

Give and example of a branched homopolysaccharide

A

Amylopectin

55
Q

Describe amylopectin

A
  • branched homopolysaccharide (structure + support)
  • alpha-1,4 linkages with alpha-1,6 branches every 24-30 residues.
  • Quicker release of glucose due to phosphorylase can cleave both sides of branch !
  • Molecular weight of 200 million
56
Q

Starch is ..

A
  • Main storage homopolysaccharide in plants
  • Mixture of amylose + amylopectin
57
Q

Glycogen is ..

A
  • Highly branched structure
  • Glucose storage in animals, in liver, 7% by weight.
  • Similar to amylopectin, but alpha-1,6 branching occurs every 8-12 residues.
58
Q

What is the function of heteropolysaccharides?

A

Cellular and stuctural function.

59
Q

List the two kinds of heteropolysaccharides.

A
  1. Two Monomer (unbranched)
  2. Multi-monomer (branched)
60
Q

Fungi Bacteria and protozoa secrete …

A

Cellulase allow them to hydrolyse beta-1,4 linkages on cellulose and use a source of glucose.

61
Q

Main heteropolysaccharide, what is it?

A

Sugars that make a cage for bacteria:

  • keep integrity of membrane
  • target for antibiotics
  • consists of glucose monomers and amino acid links.
62
Q

What are the glucose monomers that make up the heteropolysaccharide bacterial cage?

A
  1. GLCNAC (N-Acetlyglucosamine)
  2. MURZAC (N-acetlymuramic acid)
63
Q

What are the amino acid links on the heterpolysaccharide sugar cage?

A
  1. L-Alanine
  2. D-Glutamate
  3. L-Lysime
  4. D-Alanine
64
Q

Where do lyosomes cleave on the sugar cage?

A

At the multiple glucose sugars, GALNAC and MURZAC

65
Q

How is the sugar cage susceptible to antibiotics?

A
  1. Penicillin and Peptides can cleave the amino acid linkages.
  2. This disrupts the integrity of the structure where bacteria resides.
  3. Now susceptible to lysing in hypotonic solution, cell death = bacteria death.
66
Q

Name the two types of protein glycosylation

A
  1. N-inked
  2. O-linked
67
Q

Explain the N-linked olgiosaccharide.

A
  1. Preassambled unit, entire olgiosaccharide attached to protein at once via amide linkage.

Glycosolation signal = ASN -xxx- SER or ASN -xxx- THR

Attatched on extracellular side.

68
Q

Exlain O-Linked olgiossacharides

A
  1. Attached one monosaccharide at a time

No glycosylation signal

Added onto SER or THR units.

Intracellular and Extracelluar sides

69
Q

Why does protein glycosylation occur?

A
  1. Quality control of protiens!
  2. Sugar helps folding, and drives tiertiary conformation.
  3. If not folded properly, protein will lose its functionality, be sent back to Golgi for recyling.
70
Q

What is the product of protein glycosylation?

A

Glucosamine

LSCI 211 (5 decks)

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