GLOSSARYi Flashcards
Is the process of uptake of the compound from the site of administration into the systemic circulation.
Absorption
Is the extent or fraction of drug absorbed upon extravascular administration in comparison to the dose size administered
Absolute Bioavailability
Is the increase of drug concentration in blood and tissue upon multiple dosing until steady state is reached.
Accumulation
Is the ratio of the concentrations at equilibrium between a lipid phase and an aqueous phase.
Apparent Partition Coefficient
Is the integral of drug blood level over time from zero to infinity and is a measure of quantity of drug absorbed and in the body
Area Under the Curve
Is mathematically defined by AUMC. It is the area under the curve observed for the product of time and concentration versus time.
Area Under First Statistical Moment Curve
Is the phenomenon that drugs emptied via bile into the small intestine can be reabsorbed from the intestinal lumen into systemic circulation
Biliary Recycling
Is defined both the relative amount of drug from an administered dosage form which enters the systemic circulation and the rate at which the drug appears in the blood stream.
Bioavailability
Is achieved if its extent and rate of absorption are not statistically significantly different from those of the standard when administered at the same molar dose
Bioequivalence
Is a requirement imposed by the Food and Drug Administration for in vitro and/or in vivo and testing of specified drug products which must be satisfied as a condition of marketing
Bioequivalence Requirement
Deals with the physical and chemical properties of the drug substance, the dosage form, and the body and the biological effectiveness of a drug and/or drug product upon administration
Biopharmaceutics
Is the actual site of action of drugs in the body
Biophase
Is the speed of blood perfusion in an organ, usually expressed in ml/100 g organ weight/min
Blood Flow Rate
Demonstrate the concentration in the blood, plasma or serum upon administration of dosage form by various routes of administration
Blood-, Plasma- or Serum-Levels
Is the sum of all body regions (organs and tissue) in which the drug concentration is in instantaneous equilibrium with that in blood or plasma
Central Compartment
Is the study of pharmacokinetic drug parameters as affected by circadian rhythm or diurnal variation
Chronopharmacokinetics
Is the biological clock controlling rhythms of processes during a twenty-four hour cycle which is based on endogenous factors
Circadian Rhythm
Is the application of pharmacokinetic principles in the safe and effective treatment of individual patients, and the optimization of drug therapy
Clinical Pharmacokinetics
Is an entity in which can be described by a definite volume and a concentration of drug contained in that volume
Compartment
Is the difference in the concentration in two phases usually separated by a membrane
Concentration Gradient
Is the ratio of creatinine excreted in urine to the concentration of creatinine in plasma
Creatinine Clearance
Are plots of the actual cumulative amounts of drug and/or its metabolites excreted into urine versus time upon administration of a drug product by various routes of administration
Cumulative Urinary Excretion Curves
Is that portion of a prolonged release dosage form which liberates the drug from the dosage form at a slower rate than its unrestricted absorption rate
Depot Phase
Is the viscous layer of concentrated drug solution around a dissolving particle
Diffusion Layer
Is the loss of drug from the central compartment due to transfer (distribution) into other compartments and/or elimination and metabolism
Disposition
Is the biological clock controlling rhythms of processes during a twenty-four hour cycle which is based on external synchronizers
Diurnal Variation
Is the systematized dosage schedule for therapy
Dosage Regimen or Dose Rate
Refers to a change of one or more of the pharmacokinetic processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion with increasing dose size
Dose Dependency
Is a term used to describe the achievement of sustained drug concentration by simply increasing the dose size or by accidental drug release of drug from a sustained release dosage form
Dose Dumping
Is the graphical presentation of the pharmacological or clinical effectiveness or toxicity (response) versus dose
Dose-Response Curve
Is the amount of drug in mcg, mg units or other dimensions to be administered
Dose Size
Is the time period between administration of maintenance doses
Dosing Interval
Is a chemical compound of synthetic, semisynthetic, natural or biological origin which interacts with human or animal cells
Drug
Is a drug product, usually of unvarying composition, labeled with a registered trademark of a single company
Drug Specialty or Brand Product
Is the delivery of the active ingredient from a dosage form into solution
Drug Release or Liberation
Is the gross pharmaceutical form containing the active ingredient(s) [drug(s)] and vehicle substances necessary in formulating a medicament of desired dosage, desired volume and desired application form, ready for administration
Drug Product or Dosage Form
Is the time in hours necessary to reduce the drug concentration in the blood, plasma or serum to one-half after equilibrium is reached
Elimination Half-Life
Is the phenomenon in which drugs emptied via bile into the small intestine can be reabsorbed from the intestinal lumen into systemic circulation
Enterohepatic Recirculation (Biliary Recycling)
Is the increase in enzyme content or rate of enzymatic processes resulting in faster metabolism of a compound
Enzyme Induction
Is the decrease in rate of metabolism of a compound usually by competition for an enzyme system
Enzyme Inhibition
Is the final elimination from the body’s systemic circulation via the kidney into urine via bila and saliva into intestines and into feces via sweat skin and milk
Excretion
Refers to all routes of admn except those where the drug indirectly introduced into blood stream
Extravascular Administration
Refers to a graphical method for the separation of exponents such as separating the absorption rate constant form the elimination rate constant
Feathering (residual method)
Describes the phenomenon whereby drugs maybe metabolized following absorption but before reaching systemic circulation
First-pass effect
Is the phenomenon observed if the rate of absorption is slower than the rate of elimination
Flip-flop model
Is part of the alimentary canal comprising stomach small intestine and large
GIT
Is a drug product marketed under the nonproprietary or common name the drug
Generic product
Is the hypothetical volume of distribution in ml of the unmetabolized drug which is cleared one minute via the liver
Hepatic clearance
Is the maintenance of a steady state wc characterizes the internal environment
Homeostasis
Is that portion of a prolonged release dosage form which is immediately available for absorption
Initial phase
Is the theoretical unrestricted maximum clearance of unbound drug by an eliminating organ.
Intrinsic clearance
Is the period of time which elapses between the time of administration and the time a drug is found in the blood
Lag time
The dose size initiating therapy so as to yield therapeutic concentration to wc will result clinical effectiveness
Loading priming initial dose
