Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Oncology > Glossary Terms > Flashcards

Glossary Terms Flashcards

1
Q

remission

A

5% or fewer blasts in the bone marrow post treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

treatment failure

A

failure to maintain remission after induction and consolidation within 6 months of diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

mini or non-myeloablative or reduced intensity transplant (RIC)

A

reduced intensity chemotherapy that decrease treatment toxicity to allow Allogeneic transplant with older patients or patients with substantial co-morbidities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

engraftment

A

the evidence of counts (CBC) post PSCT or BMT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cytotoxic

A

a drug that is toxic to all fast dividing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

preconditioning

A

chemotherapy and radiation prior to peripheral stem cell (PSCT) or bone marrow transplantation (BMT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

re-induction

A

repeat of induction chemotherapy if blasts are 25% or less after initial induction cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mismatch

A

where < 10 tested HLA markers do not match.
A 10/10 is a “perfect” match.
Anything less, eg. 9/10 or 8/10 is a mismatch.
One can predict substantial greater risk of GVHD with a mismatch transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

count recovery

A

the return of counts (CBC) post chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

salvage

A

chemotherapy given for induction failure that are 25% or greater blasts post induction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

chemotherapy

A

drugs used in the treatment of cancer and some autoimmune disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

VUD/MUD

A

volunteer unrelated donor/matched unrelated donor - a volunteer matched donor unrelated to the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Induction

A

initial round of chemotherapy upon new diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

induction failure

A

failure to achieve remission (5% blasts or less) post induction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

relapse

A

disease returns 6 months or greater post initial treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

consolidation

A

subsequent rounds of chemotherapy once remission is achieved with Induction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ANC

A

absolute neutrophil count = polys + bands (0.5 or < indicates neutropenia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

the process of producing and developing blood cells = production and development of blood cells

blood formation:
- primary at bone marrow
- at spleen and liver

19
Q

Stem cell

A

pluripotent stem cell - embryonic cell that can form different types of cells

primitive cells that are capable of self renewal and when stimulated give rise to any one of the committed cells

their proliferation can be stimulated by CSF (colony stimulating factors) or cytokines

20
Q

Erythrocytes (RBC)

A
  • biconcave disk, composed of membrane, water, electrolytes, enzymes and hemoglobin
  • primary function of Hgb: transport O2 to the tissue and return of CO2 from the tissue to lungs
  • response to GHE (glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin) produced by kidneys

Hgb lab value:
M - 135-170 g/L
F - 120-155 g/L

***Critical value: <70 g/L usually requires transfusion (case based threshold)

Life span: ~120 days

BMT knowledge
- schistocyte - abnormal finding indicating breakdown of RBCs due to CSA
- SpO2 monitoring is required for pt with SOB/difficult breathing
- urine tests (Hemastix) once a day for potential hemorrhagic cystitis
- monitor closely and transfuse as required for pt who is actively bleeding

21
Q

Thrombocytes (platelets)

A
  • cell fragments derived from megakaryocyte
  • 1/3 are stored in spleen and released slowly when needed
  • release SEROTONIN causing the smooth muscles of the vessel walls to constrict thereby reducing blood flow

Lab value: 150-400 x 10^9/L

***Critical value: < 10 requires transfusion

threshold can be increased if:
1. Temp>38C in the preceding 24hrs
2. fresh minor bleeding (petechiae/gums/sclera)
3. major bleeding (GI/CNS)
4. invasive procedure (LPs/HL insertion)
LP: >50 HL: >30
5. APL, DIC and other coagulation abnormalities

TMS PPO must be written prior to requesting platelet from TMS

22
Q

Proliferation

A

the division of cells to form two daughter cells

23
Q

Differentiation

A

the process of acquiring the specific functions and characteristics of the different types of blood cells

24
Q

Maturation

A

the process of developing into a fully functional active cell

25
Q

Etiology of Leukemia

A
  1. high dose radiation exposure
  2. alkylating agents i.e. cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil
  3. chronic benzene exposure
  4. some correlation with Down’s Syndrome
  5. unknown environment exposures
26
Q

Common Signs and Symptoms of Leukemia

A
  1. persistent infection
  2. easy bruising/bleeding
  3. SOBOE, lack of energy
  4. fever
  5. night sweats
27
Q

Single donor platelets

A

higher concentration (~ = 7-8 units of concentrate)
on first come first served basis to supplement the supply of standard platelets

Reason to use:
- when standard platelets are NOT a good therapeutic choice
- normally reserved for pts who are actively bleeding
- for pts with alloimmunization

28
Q

HLA matched platelets

A

Reason to use:
- pts who developed alloimmunization to standard and single donor platelets
- HLA antibodies present in pts’ serum

29
Q

alloimmunization

A

the development of immunity to allogeneic antigens present on the cell wall of the platelets being transfused

Indication:
poor 15 minute to one hour post transfusion platelet count increment after a minimum of 2 unmatched transfusions

30
Q

Human Leukocyte Antigen

A

proteins on the cell surface in the body that play an important role in determining tissue compatibility

31
Q

Innate immunity

A

general, natural defense against non-self substances, present at all times and triggered as soon as foreign agent present

7 main protective mechanism ( NO PREVIOUS EXPOSURE)
1. intact skin - prevent attachment of potential invaders
2. mucous - traps bacteria and other foreign material (using enzyme)
3. gastric acid - destroy swallowed invaders (using PH)
4. antimicrobial substances
*interferon - inhibits viral replication and activates macrophages
* complement proteins - promotes bacterial lysing and signals to phagocytes to remove cells
5. fever - pathological response of IL-1 (interleukin-1) produced by macrophages after ingestion, intensify action of interferon
6. natural killer cells - destroy microbes and certain tumor cells via direct contact
7. inflammatory response - mobilizes leukocytes to phagocytose invaders

32
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

the response of lymphocytes to foreign agents and develop immunological memory

CELL-MEDIATED RESPONSE: (T cells involvement)
1. Memory cells - recognize antigen and trigger 2nd immune response
2. Lymphokine-producing cells - activate macrophages
3. Cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells) - directly attack antigen
4. Helper T cells
5. Suppressor T cells - induce or suppress various functions of the immune system

HUMORAL RESPONSE: (B cells involvement)
1. Helper T cells - activated by IL-1 released by macrophages after destroying an antigen and produced IL-2
2. Interferon and other chemicals are activated by same
3. B cells - activated by all chemicals and mature into plasma cells to produce antibodies to eliminate the antigen

33
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs)

A

5 times of leukocytes, classified morphologically into granulocytes and agranulocytes

34
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • from myeloid line
  • contain toxic granules that is capable of killing invaders
  • called polymorphonuclear (PMN’s) granulocytes or “Polys”
  1. Neutrophils (no stain)
  2. Eosinophils (eosin = red dye)
  3. Basophils (deep blue dye)
35
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • 60% of WBC
  • first defence
  • finds a foreign particle and phagocytize it releasing enzymes and other chemicals to kill it
  • immature neutrophils (band/stab cells) are released by bone marrow when there is great demand for neutrophils

Lab values:
Leukocytes/WBC –> 4.0-11.0 x 10^9/L
neutrophils –> 2.0-8.0 x 10^9/L

Life span:
~ 10-12 hrs

BMT knowledge:
- first cell to recover after BMT and seen as polys and band cells in CBC/Diff
- ANC (polys + band cells) <=0.5 indicating neutropenia
**pt with neutropenia are very susceptible to infections till ANC is > 0.5

36
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • 2-4% of WBC
  • defence for the skin and lungs during ALLERGIC reactions and parasitic infections
37
Q

Basophils

A
  • <1% WBC
  • contain histamine partly responsible for inflammatory reactions to allergies
  • contribute to hypersensitivity reactions
38
Q

Agranulocytes

A
  • no granules within cytoplasm
  1. Monocytes (from MYELOID COMMITTED CELL LINE)
  2. Lymphocytes (from LYMPHOID COMITTED CELL LINE)
39
Q

Monocytes

A
  • from myeloid committed cell line
  • 6% of WBC
  • 2nd defence
  • largest cell in the blood
  • becomes macrophage when entering tissues
  • remove injured and dead cells, cell fragments and micro-organisms via phagocytosis

Life span: ~ weeks to months

40
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • 30% WBC
  • work horses of the immune system
  • from lymphoid committed cell line
  1. T lymphocytes
  2. B lymphocytes
  3. Null cells
41
Q

T Lymphocytes

A
  • mature in thymus gland
  • provide cellular immunity

5 Major functions:
1. protection against viruses and fungi
2. rejection of transplanted organ (cells)
3. immunological surveillance against cancer cells
4. mediation of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity
5. modulation of the overall immune response with helper or suppressor cells

42
Q

B lymphocytes

A
  • mature and stay in marrow
  • circulate between the spleen and lymph nodes
  • can differentiate into:
    1. antibody secreting plasma cells
    2. memory B cells
43
Q

Blood plasma

A

cells that differentiate from B cells and secrete large amounts of antibodies

5 classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins and gammaglobulins)
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

44
Q

GCSF

A

granulocyte colony stimulating factors

to increase neutrophils (a type of granulocyte)

Oncology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions