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SCIENCE S1 > Glossary Rocks > Flashcards

Glossary Rocks Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Minerals

A

A natural substance that makes up rocks.

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2
Q

Magma

A

A very hot mixture of molten rock and gases, just below the Earth’s surface, that has come from the mantle.

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3
Q

Sediments

A

Matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid.

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4
Q

Lithosphere

A

The outer layer of the Earth, consisting of the upper mantle and crust.

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5
Q

Native Elements

A

Elements found uncombined in the Earth’s crust.

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6
Q

Crystal

A

Highly transparent glass with a high refractive index.

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7
Q

Lustre

A

Appearance of a mineral caused by the way it reflects light. Minerals such as glassy, waxy, metallic and silky.

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8
Q

Streak

A

colour of a mineral as a fine powder, found by rubbing it onto an unglazed white ceramic tile.

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9
Q

Hardness

A

A measure of how difficult it is to scratch the surface of a solid material.

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10
Q

Igneous Rock

A

Rocks that form from the cooling of lava or magma as it is thrown through the air from a volcanic eruption.

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11
Q

Extrusive Rock

A

igneous rock that forms when lava cools above the Earth’s surface

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12
Q

Pumice

A

A pale rock that forms when frothy lava cools in the air. Pumice often floats on water as it is very light and full of holes that once contained gas.

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13
Q

Scoria

A

A dark, igneous rock formed from gassy lava that cools quickly

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14
Q

Abrasive

A

A property of a material or substance that easily scratches another

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15
Q

Basalt

A

A dark, igneous rock with small crystals formed by fast cooling of hot lava. It sometimes has holes that once contained volcanic gases.

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16
Q

Obsidian

A

A black, glassy rock that breaks into pieces with smooth shell-like surfaces

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17
Q

Intrusive Rocks

A

Igneous rock that forms when magma cools below the Earth’s surface.

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18
Q

Batholith

A

Intrusive rock mass that measures more than 100 kilometres across.

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19
Q

Granite

A

A hard, igneous rock with different-coloured crystals large enough to see. It forms slowly below the Earth’s surface.

20
Q

Sedimentary Rocks

A

Rocks formed from sediments deposited by water, wind or ice. The sediments are cemented together in layers, under pressure.

21
Q

Floodplan

A

Flat, open land beside a river where sediments are deposited during floods

22
Q

Glaciers

A

Large bodies of ice that move down slopes and push boulders, rocks and gravel in front of them

23
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

Rock formed from another rock that has been under great heat or pressure (or both)

24
Q

Moraines

A

Deposit left by movement of a glacier

25
Q

Sandstone

A

A sedimentary rock with medium-sized grains. The sand grains are cemented together by silica, lime or other salts.

26
Q

Mudstone

A

A fine-grained, sedimentary rock without layering

27
Q

Shale

A

A fine-grained sedimentary rock formed in layers by the consolidation of clay.

28
Q

Siltstone

A

A sedimentary rock with a particle size between that of sandstone and mudstone.

29
Q

Conglomerate

A

Sedimentary rock containing large particles of various sizes cemented together.

30
Q

Limestone

A

A sedimentary rock formed from the remains of sea organisms. It consists mainly of calcium carbonate.

31
Q

Coal

A

A sedimentary rock formed from dead plants and animals that were buried before rotting completely.

32
Q

Rock salt

A

A sedimentary deposit formed when a salt lake or seabed dried up. Its main chemical.

33
Q

Metamorphism

A

The process that changes rocks by extreme pressure or heat (or both).

34
Q

Slate

A

A fine-grained metamorphic rock formed as a result of moderate heat and pressure on shale.

35
Q

Marble

A

A metamorphic rock formed as a result of great pressure on limestone.

36
Q

Gneiss

A

A coarse-grained metamorphic rock formed mainly as a result of great pressure on granite.

37
Q

Mineral Ores

A

mined to obtain a metal or other chemical within them

38
Q

Mining

A

extraction of natural resources from the Earth.

39
Q

Environmental impact statement

A

study of the possible effects of a planned project on the environment

40
Q

Rehabilitated

A

restored to its previous condition.

41
Q

Overburden

A

waste rock removed from below the topsoil. This rock is replaced when the area is restored.

42
Q

Open-cut mining

A

mining that scours out soil and rocks on the surface of the land.

43
Q

Underground mining

A

mining that uses shafts and tunnels to remove rock from deep below the surface

44
Q

Stone Age

A

the time beginning about two million years ago during which early humans made implements of stone

45
Q

Alloy

A

A mixture of a metal with a non-metal or another metal

46
Q

Flint

A

A fine-grained sedimentary rock which leaves a very sharp edge when broken

47
Q

Percussion flaking

A

Aprocess in which tool stones such as flint or obsidian were struck with harder stones, such as quartzite, to shear large flakes that could be used to make small tools

SCIENCE S1 (2 decks)

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