Glossary (pt II) Flashcards
Decrease in body temperature
Hypothermia
A non penetrating cryoprotective agent added to protect cells against damage
Hydroxyethyl starch (HES)
Reaction of the body to respond and recognize foreign substances
Immune response
Immunologic reaction induced by initial exposure to the antigens
Primary immune response
Immunologic rxn induced following a second exposure to antigen
Secondary immune response
Secondary immune response is also known as ____
Anamnestic response
In reference to glycoprotein or glycolipid antigens, it is the sugar molecule that gives the antigen its specificity or identifies it uniquely
Immunodominant sugar
Passing of one gene from each parent to offspring
Independent segregation
Antigen for H-antigen specificity
L-fucose
A antigen specificity
N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
B antigen specificity
D-galactose
Synonym for antibody
Immunoglobulin
Study of blood-related antigens and antibody
Immunohematology
Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response
Immunogen
Ability of an antigen to stimulate an antibody response
Immunogenecity
Rare dominant gene that inhibits the production of all Lutheran antigens
In Lu
Fluid obtained from a cyst of a dog tapeworm which can be a source of P1 substance and therefore can be used to neutralize anti-P1
Hydatid Cyst
While the fetus is in the uterus
In utero
Presence of agglutination or hemolysis in compatibility testing
Incompatible
Random behavior of genes on separate chromosome inherited separately from each other
Independent assortment
In vitro reaction in which under certain condition of time and temperature allow antigen-antibody complex to occur
Incubation
Transfusion administered to a fetus while still in the uterus
Intrauterine transfusion
Number of charged particles in a solution
Ionic strength
Gamma or electron treatment of a cellular blood product to prevent transfusion associated graft vs host disease (TA-GVHD)
Irradiation
Condition characterized by a yellow appearance of the skin, sclera of the eyes and body secretions caused by increased bilirubin level
Jaundice
Condition due to an increase in unconjugated bilirubin
Kernicterus
States that ABO antibodies are present in plasma/serum when corresponding ABO blood antigens are not present on the erythrocytes
Landsteiner law
Test performed on maternal blood sx to detect fetal maternal hemorrhage
Kleihauer-betke acid elution test
Seed extract capable of agglutinating red cells carrying the corresponding antigen
Lectin
Anti-A1
Dilochos biflorus
Anti h
Ulex europaeus
Anti N
Vicia graminea
Anti M
Iberis amara
Anti T
Arachos hypogea
Anti Tn
Salvia sclaera
Graph used to predict severity of HDN during pregnancy by evaluation of amniotic fluid
Liley graph
Combination of antibody and a multivalent antigen to form cross links and result in a visible agglutination reaction
Lattice formation
Moderate disease in liley graph
Moderate disease
Zone I of liley graph
Mild or no disease
Location of a gene on a chromosome
Locus
Condition of an abnormal presence of high molecular weight immunoglobulins
Macroglobulinemia
Replacement of one or more blood volumes within 24 hr interval
Massive transfusion
Aka Aldomet
Methyl Dopa
It is the common drug for hypertension; frequently the cause of positive DAT
Methyl Dopa
Zone III in liley graph
Severe and life threatening hemolysis
Manner by which a gene is passed from one generation to another
Mode of inheritance
Type of agglutination pattern where a population of the red cells has agglutinated and the remainder of the red cells are not agglutinated
Mixed field agglutination
Trait manifested by people who are homozygous for alleles. Both parents who do not express the trait y be carrier or heterozygous for the recessive allele
Autosomal recessive
Traits transmitted to all daughters of affected father but not to sons
Sex-linked dominant
Trait appears much more frequently on males than in females due to inheritance from carrier mothers
Sex-linked recessive
Antigen composed of several units or subpart such as the Rho(D) antigen
Mosaic (D^u variant)
D antigen with complete subpart
Rh ABCD
D antigen with missing A-subpart
Rh aBCD
D antigen with missing B- subpart
Rh AbCD
Trait that appears when the gene that has been inherited can be found in each generation occurs with equal frequency in males and females
Autosomal dominant
D antigen with missing C-subpart
Rh ABcD
D antigen with missing D-subpart
Rh ABCd
Term for woman having borne more than one child
Multiparous
Fusion of a malignant and normal cell that produces large quantities of monoclonal antibodies
Murine hybridoma
Malignant neoplasm of the bone marrow characterized by abnormal proteins in the plasma and urine
Multiple myeloma
Group of sugars found on the RBC membrane attached to a protein backbone
NANA
Major source of the membrane’s net negative charge
NANA
Sialic acid
NANA
Before birth
Prenatal
After birth
Postnatal
Newborn infant up to 4 months of age
Neonate
Enzyme that cleaves sialic acid from the RBC membrane
Neuraminidase
It is relating to birth
Natal
Aka agglutination-inhibition
Neutralization
Refers to the absence of agglutination due to the inability of an antibody to react with red cell antigen because of previously bound soluble substance
Neutralization
Basic building blocks of dna which is composed of a phosphate group, a sugar group and a base
Nucleotide
Any individual who fails to express any antigens on the red cells
Null phenotype
Chemical compound formed by small number of simple carbohydrate molecules
Oligosaccharide chain
Required temperature in C by which the antibody is most reactive
Optimum temperature
Opt temp for IgM cold reactive antibody
1-6 C/ 20-24 C (cold or RT)
Opt temp for IgG warm reacting antibody
37 C (warm temp)
Spontaneous clumping of RBC against a given serum
Panagglutination
The group O rgt RBC that are used for antibody identification
Panel cell
Type of cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia in which a biphasic IgG antibody can be demonstrated with anti-p specificity
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
Woman who had at least one pregnancy
Primiparous
Plasma prepared from a whole blood subjected to soft spin which allows sedimentation of platelets this leaving a plasma that contains high no. Of platelets
Platelet rich plasma (PRP)
Principle in saliva testing
Neutralization
Chance of the alleged father is the biologic father
Paternity index
Diagrammatic chart used for illustrating the inheritance patterns of traits in a family study
Pedigree chart
Detectable characteristics of genes
Phenotype
Initial treatment of elevated bilirubin using
Iights
Phototherapy
Extra blood sample collected during whole blood donation from a donor which is intended for serological test
Pilot tube
Refers to fibrinogen containing liquid portion of Anticoagulated blood
Plasma
Can be used as a specimen for backward typing to detect antibodies however might present a problem because it can bring about rouleaux formation
Plasma
Plasma prepared from who
E blood subjected to heavy spin which allow sedimentation of platelet and leaving plasma almost free of platelets
Platelet poor plasma (PPP)
D antigen that is missing part of its typical antigenic structure
Partial D
Products that are transfused in patients suffering from hypovolemia (decrease plasma volume) or indicated among shock and burn patients
Plasma volume expander
- NSA (normal serum albumin)
2. PPF (plasma protein fraction)
Plasma derived volume expander
96% albumin + 4% globulin
NSA
83% albumin + 17% globulin
PPF
- Crystalloids
2. Colloids
Synthetic volume expander
Blood group system showing several allelic forms therefore rendering more than one alternative phenotype
Polymorphism
Na, Cl, K, Ca, lactate ions)
Ringer’s lactate
Ringer’s lactate (Na, Cl, K, Ca, lactate ions)
Normal saline sol. (0.85% -0.9 NaCl)
Crystalloids
Dextran(6-10%)
HES( hydroxyethyl starch)
Colloids
0.85% -0.9 NaCl)
Normal saline solution
Spontaneous agglutination of red cells by most normal adult sera regardless of blood group
Polyagglutination
Inability of the patient to respond favorably after platelet transfusion thus the desired increment in platelet is not achieved
Platelet refractoriness
Term referring to after transfusion
Post transfusion
Any substance that enhances antigen-antibody interaction from a given cell-serum mixture which may be used to detect low-titered antibodies in routine testing
Potentiator
0.2% NaCl in glycine
LISS
Medium has lower ionic strength that increases the rate of antibody association. Incubation may be shortened to 5-15 minutes if this medium is used.
LISS( low ionic strength saline solution)
Positively charged polymer that reduces zeta potential by neutralizing the negative charge in red cell. It is useful in the identificatipn of antibodies in the kidd blood group system
Polybrene
Relative strength of an antibody present in a given antiserum usually expressed in titer
Potency
Close monitoring of laboratory operations to allow maximum reliability of test result
Quality control
In genetics, this refers to a 2x2 grid used for gene combination
Punnett square
System of procedures that ensures laboratory to operate with the most minimal errors
Quality assurance
Enhances antigen-antibody rxn by concentrating antibody in the mixture through removal of water
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
In transfusion medicine, this refers to a person who benefits and recieves blood transfusion
Recipient
Disease of unknown cause most frequently seen among premature infants characterized primarily by acute difficulty in breathing
Respiratory distress syndrome
Synonyms for antigens in the Rh blood group system
Rh factor
Formerly known as “hyaline membrane disease”
Respiratory distress syndrome
Refers to the required speed in a given time to sediment particles from a fluid moxture; calculated as 1.118x10^5 x radius x (rpm) ^2
Relative centrifugal force (RCF)
The concentrated and purified anti-d given as a prophylactic or preventive treatment to Rh(-) person who is exposed to D-antigen either through pregnancy or blood transfusion. Each vial of 300 ug of this protects against 30ml fetal whole blood or 15ml of packed cells
Rh immune globulin
Inherited characteristic showing decreased expression of Rh antigens
Rh mod
Method of getting a sample to an individual
Sampling
Used to determine fetomaternal hemorrhage based on the ability of fetal cells to aggregate around indicator cells (0.2%-0.5% O-cell suspension, R2R2 red blood cell.)
Rosette test
Phenotype of a person who suffers from anemia and whose red cells do not express any Rh antigens
Rh null
Procedure used to determine blood group soluble substances; useful in establishing real blood group if the expression is so weak to be detected by routine cell typing.
Saliva testing
Group of red cells whose appearance resembles stacks of coins associated with the use of plasma expanders pr presence of abnormal plasma proteins
Rouleaux formation
Person who acquired the Se gene either homozygously (SeSe) or heterozygously (Sese) and is capable of producing ABH substances in secretions
Secretor
Divides persons in two categories:
A. Secretor
B. Non secretor
Saliva testing
Samples collected prior to actual blood transfusion
Pre transfusion sampling
Samples collected after actual blood transfusion
Post transfusion sampling
Additional blood bag attached to the primary bag generally intended for component preparation
Satellite bags
Person who does not inherit the Se gene (sese) and is incapable producing ABH substances in secretions
Non secretor
Process of allowing interaction or attachment of an incomplete antibody to red cell antigen but no subsequent agglutination reaction seen
Sensitization
Group “O” cells with complete profile of antigens used in antibody detection
Screening cells
Attachment of serum antibody to red cell antigen; rxn that happens intravascularly
In vivo sensitization
Attachment of a serum antibody to red cell antigen; procedure done in a tube
In vitro sensitization
Yellowish liquid portion of blood after clotting or centrifugation which can also be used as a source of antibody
Serum
Systemic disease caused by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the body; presence of microbes in blood
Septicemia
Refers to required drops of serum to mix with certain drops of red cell suspension to achieve greater reactivity
Serum to cell ratio
Achieved by dropping 2 drops serum to 1 drop 5% red cell suspension
40:1 ratio
Aka expiration date
Shelf life
In transfusion medicine, it refers to the length of time when blood can still be used before it expires; usually related to the type of anticoagulant used
Shelf life
Other term for surface of shear
Slipping plane
Shelf life of ACD, CPD, CP2D
21 days after collection
Shelf life of CPDA -1
35 days after collection
Severe physiologic rxn to trauma characterized by pallor, cyanosis, weak rapid pulse, drop in blood pressure which often leads to unconsciousness
Shock
Chemical preservative used in commercial typing sera to prevent bacterial contamination
Sodium azide (0.1%)
Characteristic of an antibody to react with cell expressing the corresponding antigen only
Specificity
Biochemical changes happening on blood upon in vitro storage
Storage lesion
Achieved by dropping 4 drops serum to 1 drop 3% red cell suspension
133:1 ratio
Boundary of the ionic cloud surrounding RBC in saline which zeta potential is measured
Surface of shear
Antigens within the ABO group that are weakly expressed thus react less strongly with their corresponding antibody; often leads to ABO discrepancy
Subgroup
Also called as therapeutic apheresis; refers to the removal of blood components for treatment purposes
Therapeutic phlebotomy
Rgt that can be used to disperse agglutinatipn caused by cold reactive IgM autoantibodies; useful in differentiating IgM and IgG antibodies
Thiol rgt
Examples of thiol reagents
DTT and 2-ME
Blood taken from. Patient tp be used for the same patient
Autologous transfusion
DTT
Dithiothreitol
2-ME
2-mercaptoethanol
Reciprocal of the highest dilution that shows the visible reaction
Titer
Brief loss of consciousness related to fainting
Syncope
Inherited characteristic based from gene action
Trait
Transfer of blood directly from one person to another
Direct transfusion
Administration of blood or its component intravenously
Transfusion
Used in infants with HDN; refers to withdrawal of small volume of blood and subsequent replacement with compatible blood
Exchange transfusion
Transfusion of blood stored in blood bag coming from a homologous donor
Indirect transfusion
Blood transfusion to fetus in utero
Intrauterine transfusion
Batch test that includes ABO, Rh and antibody screening test
Type and screen (T/S)
ADverse rxn happening to a patient following transfusion of a unit of blood or its components
Transfusion reaction
Vascular skin reaction commonly signaling allergic reaction
Urticaria
Set of guidelines developed protect healthcare workers from exposure to infectious agents
Universal precaution
Refers to type O and type AB individuals who are considered popularly as universal donor and recipient respectively
Universality concept
Urticaria is also known as ____
Hives
Plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by excessive production of gamma M globulin
Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
Ability of red cell to survive after transfusion
Viability
Classification of Weak D
Acquired Du, hereditary Du, Du variant/mosaic
Acronym for Wisconsin alumni research foundation + (coum)arin
Warfarin
Colorless crystalline compound widely used as an anticlotting drug; anticoagulant drug that acts by inhibiting synthesis of vitamin K dependent factors: II, VII, IX and X
Warfarin
Successive suspension of whole blood with NSS, centrifugation, and finally decanting completely the supernatant fluid. This is preferably done three times to remove interfering substances which is present in plasma. Widely used in preparation of red cell suspension
Washing
A. Coumadin
B. panwarfin
C. Sofarin
Warfarin
Grade of weak D which doesn’t require AHG for detection
High grade
Weaker variant of D-antigen that is detectable only through indirect antihuman globulin test
Weak D (Du)
Grade of weak D that requires AHG for detection
Low grade
Thick gelatinous substance rich in hyaluronic acid that make up the matrix of the umbilical cord
Wharton’s jelly
Soluble haptenic forms of A and B antigens capable of neutralizing their corresponding antibodies
Witebsky substance
Blood group whose genes are located in the X-chromosome; Xg^a antigen is seen in greatest frequency among females than in males
Xg blood group
Net negative charge of red cell measured at the surface of shear; if it is reduced, red cells tend to become closer to each other and therefore easier to agglutinate
Zeta potential
Reaction influenced by the amount of antigen and antibody from the cell-serum mixture; presence of either prozone or postzone often leads to false negative result
Zonal reaction
Zone of antibody excess ( happens if more serum is added)
Prozone
Zone of antigen excess (happens of red cell suspension is too heavy)
Postzone
Period of time when the disease is present but tested serologically negative
Window period
Mixture of 0.1 dithiothreitol (DTT) plus 0.1% cysteine-activated papain used to dissociate IgG molecules from erythrocytes showing a positive DAT reaction
ZZAP
Zone of maximum or greatest reaction
Equivalence zone
