Glossary of Terms Flashcards
1
Q
a laboratory technique that involves the removal of antibodies by the use of a specific antigen (i.e., red blood cell surface antigen)
A
Absorption
2
Q
the proximity or closeness of a value to the true value
A
Accuracy
3
Q
incurred due to external factors and is not inherited
A
Acquired
4
Q
normal serum constituents that increase or decrease in the presence of an infection, injury, or trauma to tissues; associated with inflammatory reactions
A
Acute phase reactant (APR)
5
Q
a substance added to vaccines to potentiate or enhance the immune response of the recipient; examples include alum and Freund’s adjuvant
A
Adjuvant
6
Q
the key enzyme in the glycolytic cycle of Plasmodium parasite
A
Aldolase
7
Q
a process of attachment of one substance to the surface of another; attachment of an antibody to a specific antigen receptor on a cell surface
A
Adsorption
8
Q
binding strength between an antigenic determinant (epitope) and its complementary site (paratope) in the Fab region of the antibody
A
Affinity
9
Q
absence of all immunoglobulins in serum
A
Agammaglobulinemia
10
Q
aggregation or clumping of cellular or particulate antigens to their corresponding antisera containing antibodies
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Agglutination
11
Q
an antibody capable of causing agglutination with multivalent surface antigens; usually belongs to IgM class
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Agglutinin (nin = antibody)
12
Q
A particulate or cellular antigen involved in agglutination or aggregation
A
Agglutinogen
13
Q
an enzyme that liberates inorganic phosphates from phosphate esters; used as an indicator label in immunoassays
A
Alkaline phosphatase
14
Q
alternative forms of a gene at a particular locus or specific position on a chromosome
A
Allele
15
Q
An adjuvant commonly added to human vaccines
A
Alum
16
Q
an antigen that triggers an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction
A
Allergen
17
Q
an anti-sheep red blood cell antibody that causes hemolysis of sheep red blood cells in the presence of complement
A
Amboceptor
18
Q
a rapid rise in the immunoglobulin concentration following subsequent ££exposure to an antigen**; also known as a secondary immune response or booster response
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Anamnestic response
19
Q
an immunoglobulin (Ig) formed in response to an antigen
A
Antibody
20
Q
highest dilution factor of a sample that still results in a visible reaction (i.e., agglutination)
A
Antibody titer
21
Q
any substance that, when introduced into the body, stimulates antibody production
A
Antigen
22
Q
an antigen capable of stimulating an immune response
A
Immunogen
23
Q
outside the body; observable in a test tube
A
in vitro
24
Q
within a living organism
A
in vivo
25
the process in which complement activity in a serum is **nullified by heating**
Inactivation
26
the total reaction of a body against an injury or invasion
Inflammation
27
capsular antigen
K antigen
28
A structure that forms when a multivalent **antigen binds to an antibody** in optimal or maximal proportions
Lattice
29
a molecule that binds or forms a complex with a biologic molecule such as receptors, proteins, or antibodies
Ligand
30
an antibody that causes the **dissolution of cells**
Lysin
31
a collection of structural genes that code for proteins that can serve as antigen-presenting molecules in cell-mediated immunity as well as proteins needed in tissue transplantation
Major histocompatibility complex
32
refers to the presence of **multiple copies** of the **same epitope within the same antigen**
Multivalent
33
an antigen-antibody reaction in which the reactive effect of a particular antigen is nullified by a specific antibody
Neutralization
34
a qualitative test to determine **defects** in the **NADPH oxidase**; employed in the detection of **chronic granulomatous disease**
Nitroblue tetrazolium test
35
nonspecific antibodies detected in patients with **syphilis**; examples include **reagin** and **Wasserman antibodies**
Non-treponemal antibodies
36
somatic antigen
O-antigen
37
a molecule that **attaches itself** to microorganisms or antigens to **enhance phagocytosis**
Opsonin
38
the process wherein the antibody **coats an antigen** to allow a more effective phagocytosis
Opsonization
39
serum samples obtained from patients during the acute and convalescent phase; used to determine if there is a significant antibody titer increase
Paired sera
40
related to all or every or a large group; a panspecific antibody has a capability of recognizing different isoforms of protein
Panspecific
41
a process wherein phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, engulf or "eat" microbes or particulate matter
Phagocytosis
42
the fluid matrix of unclotted blood
Plasma
43
a weak or negative antigen antibody-reaction that occurs when there is an antigen excess in the presence of a relatively low amount of antibody
Postzone reaction
44
an antigen-antibody reaction between a soluble antigen and an antibody that produces an insoluble precipitate
Precipitation
45
an antibody that interacts with a soluble antigen; IgG class are usually involved
Precipitin
46
tests that involve a specific recognition and interaction of an antigen to its corresponding antibody; examples include enzyme immunoassays and radioimmmunoassays; these tests are more sensitive than secondary tests
Primary tests
47
a weak or negative antigen-antibody reaction that occurs when serum containing antibodies is in excess in the presence of a relatively low amount of antigen
Prozone reaction
48
an immunologic test that employs radioisotopes as labels for antigens or antibodies, complements, or other reactants
Radioimmunoassay
49
an antibody-like substance produced in response to certain tissue invasion and destruction such as in syphilis
Reagin
50
an IgM antibody produced in patients with rheumatoid arthritis which binds to the Fc portion of IgG
Rheumatoid factor
51
a process in which cells, such as red blood cells, are coated with incomplete or blocking antibodies such as IgG; does not result in agglutination
Sensitatization
52
a progressively higher dissolution of a substance arranged in a definite sequence or series
Serial dilution
53
the detection of a specific antibody in the serum of an individual whose antibody was previously undetectable
Seroconversion
54
a branch of biology that deals with the study of antigens and antibodies and their biologic relationships
Serology
55
the fluid matrix of clotted blood
Serum
56
a type of hypersensitivity reaction that involves the giving of nonhuman gamma globulins for immunization; patients experience fever, rashes, lymphadenopathy, and joint inflammation
Serum sicknedd
57
a special affinity between an antigen and its corresponding antibody; a property of B- and T-cell receptors to recognize only one epitope
Specificity
58
a thymus-derived lymphocyte involved in cell-mediated immunity
T-cell
59
a biomarker found in elevated levels of body fluids in patients with neoplasms; tumor markers are employed for monitoring of the progression of neoplasms
Tumor markers
60
an antibody that is active at 37°C but not at 4°C; IgG is a warm agglutinin
Warm Agglutinin
61
a serologic test employing cross-reacting Proteus somatic antigens employed for the diagnosis of rickettsial diseases
Weil-Felix-test
62
union of an antibody with its homologous antigen
Antigen-antibody complex
63
accessory cells present in tissues that process antigens and display fragments on the cell surface in association with a Class Il major histocompatibility complex molecules; examples include dendritic cells and macrophages
Antigen-presenting cells (APC)
64
number of antigenic determinants on an antigen
Antigen valency
65
a specific region of an antigen that is recognized by the B- or T-cell receptors
Antigenic determinant
66
ability of a substance to react with immune products
Antigenicity
67
an autoimmune antibody directed against a nuclear component; usually seen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
68
an antibody produced against streptolysin 0, a hemolysin produced by group A Streptococcus
Antistreptolysin O (ASO)
69
suppressor and cytototoxic T-cells capable of recognizing and killing B-cells infected by viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus; also known as reactive lymphocytes
Atypical lymphocytes
70
former name of the hepatitis B surface antigen
Australia antigen
71
the condition in which an immune response is initiated by "self" antigens
Autoimmunity
72
the sum total binding strength between an antigen and an antibody
Avidity
73
A lymphocyte that originated from the bone marrow; cells of the adaptive immune response that possess surface antibodies that are specific to an epitope
B-cell
74
a protein not normally present in human blood but is present in a wide variety of inflammatory reactions; characterized by their ability to react with the C-polysaccharide component of pneumococci
C-reactive protein
75
a substance composed of fresh beef heart extract combined with lecithin and cholesterol
Cardiolipin
76
immunity that is dependent on T-cells and phagocytic cells
Cell-mediated immunity
77
the movement of cells such as neutrophils toward a stimulus
Chemotaxis
78
cell surface markers that are employed for immunophenotyping cells particularly lymphocytes; also known as cluster of differentiation
Cluster of differentiation (CD)
79
agglutinins that belong to the IgM class and are active at 4°C but not at 37°C
Cold Agglutinins
80
a humoral mechanism of non-specific immune responses of at least 14 components that proceed in a cascading sequence of activation, resulting in cell lysis; formerly known as alexin; there are three complement pathways, namely, classical, alternative, and mannose-binding lectin
Complement
81
the process of binding of complement in a reaction with an antigen and antibody
Complement fixation
82
a substance that is similar to the patient sample that is used to monitor the precision of analytical tests
Control
83
a protein molecule secreted by leukocytes that regulate immune response
Cytokine
84
a hemagglutination test that defines the characteristics of the heterophile antibody through guinea pig and beef cell antigens
Davidsohn differential test
85
the most common procedure for the separation of lymphocytes
Density gradient centrifugation
86
a fluid containing antibodies deliberately removed from red blood cells
Eluate
87
a ligand assay that employs an enzyme label, and the binding reagent is an antibody
Enzyme immunoassay
88
a specific region of antigen that is recognized by a B-cell or T-cell
Epitope
89
a point of dilution in a serologic reaction in which there is maximal binding of the antigen and antibody as seen in precipitation reactions
Equivalence point
90
agglutinating antibodies that are produced in response to microorganisms that induce fever
Febrile agglutinins
91
a type of precipitation that occurs over a narrow range of antigen concentration; involves the aggregation of colloidal particles described as a fleecy mass or clump
Flocculation
92
A heterophile antibody that is found in serum samples of most normal individuals
Forssman antibody
93
substance that absorbs Forsmann and serum sickness antibodies
Guinea pig kidney antigen
94
flagellar antigens
H-antigens
95
a small non-immunogenic molecule that can function as an epitope if bound to a carrier molecule
Hapten
96
agglutination of red blood cells
Hemagglutination
97
a substance that causes agglutination of erythrocytes
Hemagglutinin
98
rupturing (lysis) of red blood cells and the subsequent release of their contents into the surrounding fluid
Hemolysis
99
ruptured erythrocytes
Hemolyzed
100
antibodies that are produced in an individual in response to an antigen that will also react with another unrelated antigen
Heterophile antibodies
101
A retrovirus that causes disease affecting the immune system; etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency disease
Human immunodeficiency virus
102
adaptive immunity that involves the production of antibodies
Humoral immunity
103
a reaction that demonstrates a specific antibody response to an antigen
Immune respnse
104
a condition that is resistant to an infection
Immunity
105
a laboratory method employed for the qualitative or quantitative detection of antibodies
Immunodiffusion
