Glossary of Terms Flashcards
1
Q
a laboratory technique that involves the removal of antibodies by the use of a specific antigen (i.e., red blood cell surface antigen).
A
Absorption
2
Q
Example of absorption:
A
RBC Surface Antigen
3
Q
the proximity or closeness of a value to the true value.
A
Accuracy
4
Q
incurred due to external factors and is not inherited
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Acquired
5
Q
normal serum constituents that increase or decrease in the presence of an infection, injury, or trauma to tissues; associated with inflammatory reactions
A
Acute-phase protein
6
Q
a substance added to vaccines to potentiate or enhance the immune response of the recipient; examples include alum and Freund’s adjuvant
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Adjuvant
7
Q
Examples of adjuvant
A
Alum & Freund’s adjuvant
8
Q
the key enzyme in the glycolytic cycle of Plasmodium parasite.
A
Aldolase
9
Q
a process of attachment of one substance to the surface of another
A
Adsorption
10
Q
attachment of an antibody to a specific antigen receptor on a cell surface
A
Adsorption
11
Q
binding strength between an antigenic determinant (epitope) and its complementary site (paratope) in the Fab region of the antibody
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Affinity
12
Q
absence of all immunoglobulins in serum
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Agammaglobulinemia
13
Q
aggregation or clumping of cellular or particulate antigens to their corresponding antisera containing antibodies
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Agglutination
14
Q
an antibody capable of causing agglutination with multivalent surface antigens
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Agglutinin
15
Q
Agglutinin usually belongs to _ class
A
IgM class
16
Q
a particulate or cellular antigen involved in agglutination or aggregation
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Agglutinogen
17
Q
an enzyme that liberates inorganic phosphates from phosphate esters
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Alkaline phosphatase
18
Q
used as an indicator label in immunoassays
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Alkaline phosphatase
19
Q
an alternative form(s) of a gene at a particular locus or specific position on a chromosome
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Allele
20
Q
an antigen that triggers an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction
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Allergen
21
Q
an adjuvant commonly added to human vaccines
A
Alum
22
Q
an anti-sheep red blood cell antibody that causes hemolysis of sheep red blood cells in the presence of complement
A
Amboceptor
23
Q
a rapid rise in the immunoglobulin concentration following subsequent exposure to an antigen
A
Anamnestic response
24
Q
Anamnestic response is also known as:
A
- secondary immune response
- booster response
25
an immunoglobulin (Ig) formed in response to an antigen
Antibody
26
highest dilution factor of a sample that still results in a visible reaction (i.e., agglutination)
Antibody titer
27
Example of antibody titer:
Agglutination
28
any substance that, when introduced into the body, stimulates antibody production
Antigen
29
union of an antibody with its homologous antigen
Antigen-antibody complex
30
accessory cells present in tissues that process antigens and display fragments on the cell surface in association with a Class Il major
Antigen-presenting cells (APC)
31
histocompatibility complex molecules
APC
32
Examples of APC
Dendritic Cells
Macrophages
33
number of antigenic determinants on an antigen
Antigen valency
34
a specific region of an antigen that is recognized by the B-or T-cell receptors
Antigenic determinant
35
ability of a substance to react with immune products
Antigenicity
36
an autoimmune antibody directed against a nuclear component; usually seen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
37
Antinuclear antibody (ANA) is usually seen in patients with:
systemic lupus erythematosus
38
an antibody produced against streptolysin O, a hemolysin produced by group A Streptococcus
Antistreptolysin O (ASO)
39
Antistreptolysis O (ASO) is a hemolysin produced by:
Group A Streptococcus
40
suppressor and cytototoxic T-cells capable of recognizing and killing B-cells infected by viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus; also known as reactive lymphocytes
Atypical lymphocytes
41
Other name for atypical lymphocytes:
reactive lymphocytes
42
former name of the hepatitis B surface antigen
Australia antigen
43
the condition in which an immune response is initiated by "self" antigens
Autoimmunity
44
the sum total binding strength between an antigen and an antibody
Avidity
45
a lymphocyte that originated from the bone marrow; cells of the adaptive immune response that possess surface antibodies that are specific to an epitope
B-cell
46
B-cell originated from:
bone marrow
47
a protein not normally present in human blood but is present in a wide variety of inflammatory reactions
C-reactive protein
48
characterized by their ability to react with the C-polysaccharide component of pneumococci
C-reactive protein
49
a substance composed of fresh beef heart extract combined with lecithin and cholesterol
Cardiolipin
50
immunity that is dependent on T-cells and phagocytic cells
Cell-mediated immunity
51
the movement of cells such as neutrophils toward a stimulus
Chemotaxis
52
cell surface markers that are employed for immunophenotyping cells particularly lymphocytes
Cluster of designation (CD)
53
Cluster of designation (CD) is also known as:
Cluster of differentiation (CD)
54
agglutinins that belong to the IgM class and are active at 4C but not at 37C
Cold agglutinins
55
a humoral mechanism of non-specific immune responses of at least 14 components that proceed in a cascading sequence of activation, resulting in cell lysis
Complement
56
Complement is formerly known as:
alexin
57
What are three pathways of the complement?
1. Classical
2. Alternative
3. Mannose-binding lectin
58
the process of binding of complement in a reaction with an antigen and antibody
Complement fixation
59
a substance that is similar to the patient sample that is used to monitor the precision of analytical tests
Control
60
a protein molecule secreted by leukocytes that regulate immune response
Cytokine
61
a hemagglutination test that defines the characteristics of the heterophile antibody through guinea pig and beef cell antigens
Davidsohn differential test
62
the most common procedure for the separation of lymphocytes
Density gradient centrifugation
63
a fluid containing antibodies deliberately removed from red blood cells
Eluate
64
a ligand assay that employs an enzyme label, and the binding reagent is an antibody
Enzyme immunoassay
65
a specific region of antigen that is recognized by a B-cell or T-cell
Epitope
66
a point of dilution in a serologic reaction in which there is maximal binding of the antigen and antibody as seen in precipitation reactions
Equivalence point
67
agglutinating antibodies that are produced in response to microorganisms that induce fever
Febrile agglutinins
68
a type of precipitation that occurs over a narrow range of antigen concentration
Flocculation
69
involves the aggregation of colloidal particles described as a fleecy mass or clump
Flocculation
70
a heterophile antibody that is found in serum samples of most normal individuals
Forssman antibody
71
a substance that absorbs Forsmann and serum sickness antibodies
Guinea pig kidney antigen
72
flagellar antigens
H-antigens
73
a small non-immunogenic molecule that can function as an epitope if bound to a carrier molecule
Hapten
74
agglutination of red blood cells
Hemagglutination
75
a substance that causes agglutination of erythrocytes
Hemagglutinin
76
rupturing (lysis) of red blood cells and the subsequent release of their contents into the surrounding fluid
Hemolysis
77
ruptured erythrocytes
Hemolyzed
78
antibodies that are produced in an individual in response to an antigen that will also react with another unrelated antigen
Heterophile antibodies
79
A retrovirus that causes disease affecting the immune system; etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency disease
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
80
adaptive immunity that involves the production of antibodies
Humoral immunity
81
a reaction that demonstrates a specific antibody response to an antigen
Immune response
82
a condition that is resistant to an infection
Immunity
83
a laboratory method employed for the qualitative or quantitative detection of antibodies
Immunodiffusion
84
an antigen capable of stimulating an immune response
Immunogen
85
outside the body; observable in a test tube
In vitro
86
within a living organism
In vivo
87
the process in which complement activity in a serum is nullified by heating
Inactivation
88
the total reaction of a body against an injury or invasion
Inflammation
89
capsular antigen
K antigen
90
a structure that forms when a multivalent antigen binds to an antibody in optimal or maximal proportions
Lattice
91
a molecule that binds or forms a complex with a biologic molecule such as receptors, proteins, or antibodies
Ligand
92
an antibody that causes the dissolution of cells
Lysin
93
a collection of structural genes that code for proteins that can serve as antigen-presenting molecules in cell-mediated immunity as well as proteins needed in tissue transplantation
Major histocompatibility complex
94
refers to the presence of multiple copies of the same epitope within the same antigen
Multivalent
95
an antigen-antibody reaction in which the reactive effect of a particular antigen is nullified by a specific antibody
Neutralization
96
qualitative test to determine defects in the NADPH oxidase; employed in the detection of chronic granulomatous disease
Nitroblue tetrazolium test
97
nonspecific antibodies detected in patients with syphilis; examples include reagin and Wasserman antibodies
Non-treponemal antibodies
98
somatic antigen
O-antigen
99
a molecule that attaches itself to microorganisms or antigens to enhance phagocytosis
Opsonin
100
the process wherein the antibody coats an antigen to allow a more effective phagocytosis
Opsonization
101
serum samples obtained from patients during the acute and convalescent phase; used to determine if there is a significant antibody titer increase
Paired sera
102
related to all or every or a large group; a panspecific antibody has a capability of recognizing different isoforms of protein
Panspecific
103
a process wherein phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, engulf or "eat" microbes or particulate matter
Phagocytosis
104
the fluid matrix of unclotted blood
Plasma
105
a weak or negative antigen antibody-reaction that occurs when there is an antigen excess in the presence of a relatively low amount of antibody
Postzone reaction
106
an antigen-antibody reaction between a soluble antigen and an antibody that produces an insoluble precipitate
Precipitation
107
an antibody that interacts with a soluble antigen; IgG class are usually involved
precipitin
108
tests that involve a specific recognition and interaction of an antigen to its corresponding antibody; these tests are more sensitive than secondary tests
Primary tests
109
Examples of primary tests:
1. Enzyme immunoassays
2. Radioimmunoassays
110
a weak or negative antigen-antibody reaction that occurs when serum containing antibodies is in excess in the presence of a relatively low amount of antigen
Prozone reaction
111
an immunologic test that employs radioisotopes as labels for antigens or antibodies, complements, or other reactants
Radioimmunoassay
112
an antibody-like substance produced in response to certain tissue invasion and destruction such as in syphilis
Reagin
113
an IgM antibody produced in patients with rheumatoid arthritis which binds to the Fc portion of IgG
Rheumatoid factor
114
a process in which cells, such as red blood cells, are coated with incomplete or blocking antibodies such as IgG; does not result in agglutination
Sensitization
115
a progressively higher dissolution of a substance arranged in a definite sequence or series
Serial dilution
116
the detection of a specific antibody in the serum of an individual whose antibody was previously undetectable
Seroconversion
117
a branch of biology that deals with the study of antigens and antibodies and their biologic relationships
Serology
118
the fluid matrix of clotted blood
Serum
119
a type of hypersensitivity reaction that involves the giving of nonhuman gamma globulins for immunization; patients experience fever, rashes, lymphadenopathy, and joint inflammation
Serum sickness
120
a special affinity between an antigen and its corresponding antibody; a property of B- and T-cell receptors to recognize only one epitope
Specificity
121
a thymus-derived lymphocyte involved in cell-mediated immunity
T-cell
122
a biomarker found in elevated levels of body fluids in patients with neoplasms; are employed for monitoring of the progression of neoplasms
Tumor markers
123
an antibody that is active at 37°C but not at 4°C
Warm agglutinins
124
Example of a warm agglutinin
IgG
125
a serologic test employing cross-reacting Proteus somatic antigens employed for the diagnosis of rickettsial diseases
Weil-Felix test
126
a febrile agglutination serologic test used to detect febrile agglutinins
Widal agglutination test
