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Data Analysis > Glossary of terms > Flashcards

Glossary of terms Flashcards

1
Q

A/B Testing

A

The process of testing two variations of the same web page to determine which page is more successful at attracting user traffic and generating revenue

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2
Q

Access Control

A

Features such as password protection, user permissions, and encryption that are used to protect a spreadsheet

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3
Q

Accuracy

A

The degree to which the data conforms to the actual entity being measured or described

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4
Q

Action-oriented questions

A

A question whose answers lead to change

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5
Q

Administrative metadata

A

Metadata that indicates the technical source of a digital asset

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6
Q

Agenda

A

A list of scheduled appointments

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7
Q

Algorithm

A

A process or set of rules followed for a specific task

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8
Q

Analytical skills

A

Qualities and characteristics associated with using facts to solve problems

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9
Q

Attribute

A

A characteristic or quality of data used to label a column in a table.

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10
Q

Audio file

A

Digitized audio storage usually in an MP3, AAC, or other compressed format

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11
Q

AVERAGE

A

A spreadsheet function that returns an average of the values from a selected range

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12
Q

Bad data source

A

A data source that is not reliable, original, comprehensive, current, and cited (ROCCC)

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13
Q

Bias

A

A conscious or subconscious preference in favor of or against a person, group of people, or a thing

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14
Q

Big data

A

Large, complex datasets typically involving long periods of time, which enable data analysts to address far-reaching business problems

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15
Q

Boolean data

A

A data type with only two possible values, usually true or false

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16
Q

Borders

A

Lines that can be added around two or more cells on a spreadsheet

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17
Q

Business task

A

The question or problem data analysis resolves for a business

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18
Q

CASE

A

A SQL statement that returns records that meet conditions by including an if/then statement in a query

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19
Q

CAST

A

A SQL function that converts data from one datatype to another

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20
Q

Cell reference

A

A cell or a range of cells in a worksheet typically used in formulas and functions

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21
Q

Changelog

A

A file containing a chronologically ordered list of modifications made to a project

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22
Q

Clean data

A

Data that is complete, correct, and relevant to the problem being solved

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23
Q

Cloud

A

A place to keep data online, rather than a computer hard drive.

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24
Q

COALESCE

A

A SQL function that returns non-null values in a list

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25
Q

Compatibility

A

How well two or more datasets are able to work together

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26
Q

Completeness

A

The degree to which the data contains all desired components or measures

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27
Q

CONCAT

A

A SQL function that adds strings together to create new text strings that can be used as unique keys

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28
Q

CONCATENATE

A

A spreadsheet function that joins together two or more text strings

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29
Q

Conditional formatting

A

A spreadsheet tool that changes how cells appear when values meet specific conditions

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30
Q

Confidence interval

A

A range of values that conveys how likely a statistical estimate reflects the population

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31
Q

Confidence level

A

The probability that a sample size accurately reflects the greater population

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32
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms pre-existing beliefs

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33
Q

Consent

A

The aspect of data ethics that presumes an individual’s right to know how and why their personal data will be used before agreeing to provide it

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34
Q

Consistency

A

The degree to which data is repeatable from a different point of entry or collection

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35
Q

Context

A

The condition in which something exists or happens

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36
Q

Continuous data

A

Data that is measured and can have almost any numeric value

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37
Q

Cookie

A

A small file stored on a computer that contains information about its users

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38
Q

COUNT

A

A spreadsheet function that counts the number of cells in a range that meet specific criteria

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39
Q

COUNTIF

A

A spreadsheet function that returns the number of cells that match a specified value

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40
Q

Cross-field validation

A

A process that ensures certain conditions for multiple data fields are satisfied

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41
Q

CSV (comma-separated values) file

A

A delimited text file that users a comma to separate values

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42
Q

Currency

A

The aspect of data ethics that presumes individuals should be aware of financial transactions resulting from the use of their personal data and the scale of those transactions

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43
Q

Dashboard

A

A tool that monitors live, incoming data

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44
Q

Data

A

A collection of facts

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45
Q

Data analysis

A

The collection, transformation, and organization of data in order to draw conclusions make predictions, and drive informed decision-making.

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46
Q

Data analysis process

A

The six phases of ask, prepare, process, analyze, share, and act whose purpose is to gain insights that drive informed decision-making

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47
Q

Data analyst

A

Someone who collects transforms, and organizes data in order to drive informed decision-making

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48
Q

Data analytics

A

The science of data

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49
Q

Data anonymization

A

The process of protecting people’s private or sensitive data by eliminating identifying information

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50
Q

Data bias

A

When a preference in favor of or against a person, group of people or thing systematically skews data analysis results in a certain direction

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51
Q

Data constraints

A

The criteria that determine whether a piece of data is clean and valid

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52
Q

Data design

A

How information is organized

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53
Q

Data-driven decision-making

A

Using facts to guide business strategy.

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54
Q

Data ecosystem

A

The various elements that interact with one another in order to produce, manage, store, organize, analyze, and share data

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55
Q

Data element

A

A piece of information in a dataset

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56
Q

Data engineer

A

A professional who transforms data into a useful format for analysis and gives it a reliable infrastructure

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57
Q

Data ethics

A

Well-founded standards of right and wrong that dictate how data is collected, shared, and used

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58
Q

Data governance

A

A process for ensuring the formal management of a company’s data assets

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59
Q

Data-inspired decision-making

A

The process of exploring different data sources to find out what they have in common

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60
Q

Data integrity

A

The accuracy, completeness, consistency, and trustworthiness of data throughout its life cycle

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61
Q

Data interoperability

A

A key factor leading to the successful use of open data among companies and governments

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62
Q

Data life cycle

A

The sequence of stages that data experiences, which include plan, capture, manage, analyze, archive, and destroy

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63
Q

Data manipulation

A

The process of changing data to make it more organized and easier to read

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64
Q

Data mapping

A

The process of matching fields from one data source to another

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65
Q

Data merging

A

The process of combining two or more datasets into a single dataset

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66
Q

Data model

A

A tool for organizing data elements and how they relate to one another

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67
Q

Data privacy

A

Preserving a data subject’s information any time a data transaction occurs

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68
Q

Data range

A

Numerical values that fall between predefined maximum and minimum values

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69
Q

Data replication

A

The process of storing data in multiple locations

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70
Q

Data science

A

A field of study that uses raw data to create new ways of modeling and understanding the unknown

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71
Q

Data security

A

Protecting data from unauthorized access or corruption by adopting safety measures

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72
Q

Data strategy

A

The management of the people, processes, and tools used in data analysis

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73
Q

Data transfer

A

The process of copying data from a storage device to computer memory or from one computer to another

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74
Q

Data type

A

An attribute that describes a piece of data based on its values, its programming language, or the operations it can perform

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75
Q

Data validation

A

A tool for checking the accuracy and quality of data

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76
Q

Data visualization

A

The graphical representation of data

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77
Q

Data warehousing specialist

A

A professional who develops processes and procedures to effectively store and organize data

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78
Q

Database

A

A collection of data stored in a computer system

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79
Q

Dataset

A

A collection of data that can be manipulated or analyzed as one unit

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80
Q

DATEIF

A

A spreadsheet function that calculates the number of days, months, or years between two dates

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81
Q

Delimiter

A

A character that indicates the beginning or end of a data item

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82
Q

Descriptive metadata

A

Metadata that describes a piece of data and can be used to identify it at a later point in time

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83
Q

Digital photo

A

An electronic or computer-based image usually in BMP or JPG format

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84
Q

Dirty data

A

Data that is incomplete, incorrect, or irrelevant to the problem to be solved

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85
Q

Discrete data

A

Data that is counted and has a limited number of values

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86
Q

DISTINCT

A

A keyword that is added to a SQL SELECT statement to retrieve only non-duplicate entries

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87
Q

Duplicate data

A

Any record that inadvertently shares data with another record

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88
Q

Equation

A

A calculation of data that involves addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division (also called math expression)

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89
Q

Estimated response rate

A

The average number of people who typically complete a survey

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90
Q

Ethics

A

Well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues

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91
Q

Experimenter bias

A

The tendency for different people to observe things differently (also called observer bias)

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92
Q

External data

A

Data that lives, and is generated, outside of an organization

93
Q

Fairness

A

A quality of data that does not create or reinforce bias

94
Q

Field

A

A single piece of information from a row or column of a spreadsheet; in a data table, typically a column in the table

95
Q

Field length

A

A tool for determining how many characters can be keyed into a spreadsheet field

96
Q

Fill handle

A

A box in the lower-right-hand corner of a selected spreadsheet cell that can be dragged through neighboring cells in order to continue an instruction

97
Q

Filtering

A

The process of showing only the data that meets specified criteria while hiding the rest

98
Q

Find and replace

A

A tool that finds a specified search term and replaces it with something else

99
Q

First-party-data

A

Data collected by an individual or group using their own resources

100
Q

Float

A

A number that contains a decimal

101
Q

Foreign key

A

A field within a database table that is a primary key in another table (Refer to primary key)

102
Q

Formula

A

A set of instructions used to perform a calculation using the data in a spreadsheet

103
Q

FROM

A

The section of a query that indicates where the selected data comes from

104
Q

Function

A

A preset command that automatically performs a specified process or task using the data in a spreadsheet

105
Q

Gap analysis

A

A method for examining and evaluating the current state of a process in order to identify opportunities for improvement in the future.

106
Q

General Data Protection Regulation of the European Union (GDPR)

A

Policy-making body in the European Union created to help protect people and their data

107
Q

Geolocation

A

The geographical location of a person or device by means of digital information

108
Q

Good data source

A

A data source that is reliable, original, comprehensive, current, and cited (ROCCC)

109
Q

Header

A

The first row in a spreadsheet that labels the type of data in each column

110
Q

Hypothesis testing

A

A process to determine if a survey or experiment has meaningful results

111
Q

Incomplete data

A

Data that is missing important fields

112
Q

Inconsistent data

A

Data that uses different formats to represent the same thing

113
Q

Incorrect/inaccurate data

A

Data that is complete but inaccurate

114
Q

Internal data

A

Data that lives within a company’s own systems

115
Q

Interpretation bias

A

The tendency to interpret ambiguous situations in a positive or negative way

116
Q

Leading question

A

A question that steers people towards a certain response

117
Q

LEFT

A

A function that returns a set number of characters from the left side of a text string

118
Q

LEN

A

A function that returns the length of a text string by counting the number of characters it contains

119
Q

Length

A

The number of characters in a text string

120
Q

Long data

A

A dataset in which each row is a one-time point per subject, so each subject has data in multiple rows

121
Q

Mandatory

A

A data value that cannot be left blank or empty

122
Q

Margin of error

A

The maximum amount that the sample results are expected to differ from those of the actual population

123
Q

Math expression

A

A calculation that involves addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division (also called an equation)

124
Q

MAX

A

A spreadsheet function that returns the largest numeric value from a range of cells

125
Q

Measurable question

A

A question whose answers can be quantified and assessed

126
Q

Mentor

A

Someone who shares knowledge, skills, and experience to help another grow both professionally and personally

127
Q

Merger

A

An agreement that unites two organizations into a single new one

128
Q

Metadata

A

Data about data

129
Q

Metadata repository

A

A database created to store metadata

130
Q

Metric

A

A single, quantifiable type of data that is used for measurement

131
Q

Metric goal

A

A measurable goal set by a company and evaluated using metrics

132
Q

MID

A

A function that returns a segment from the middle of a text string

133
Q

MIN

A

A spreadsheet function that returns the smallest numeric value from a range of cells

134
Q

Naming conventions

A

Consistent guidelines that describe the content, creation date, and version of a file in its name

135
Q

Networking

A

Building relationships by meeting people both in-person and online

136
Q

Nominal data

A

A type of qualitative data that is categorized without a set order

137
Q

Normalized database

A

A database in which only related data is stored in each table

138
Q

Notebook

A

An interactive, editable programming environment for creating data reports and showcasing data skills

139
Q

Null

A

An indication that a value does not exist in a dataset

140
Q

Observation

A

The attributes that describe a piece of data contained in a row of a table.

141
Q

Observer bias

A

The tendency for different people to observe things differently (also called experimenter bias)

142
Q

Open data

A

Data that is available to the public

143
Q

Openness

A

The aspect of data ethics that promotes the free access, usage, and sharing of data

144
Q

Operator

A

A symbol that names the operation or calculation to be performed

145
Q

Order of operations

A

Using parentheses to group together spreadsheet values in order to clarify the order in which operations should be performed.

146
Q

Ordinal data

A

Qualitative data with a set order or scale

147
Q

Outdated data

A

Any data that has been superseded by newer and more accurate information

148
Q

Ownership

A

The aspect of data ethics that presumes individuals own the raw data they provide and have primary control over its usage, processing, and sharing

149
Q

Pivot chart

A

A chart created from the fields in a pivot table

150
Q

Pivot table

A

A data summarization tool used to sort, reorganize, group, count, total, or average data

151
Q

Pixel

A

In digital imaging, a small area of illumination on a display screen that, when combined with other adjacent areas, forms a digital image

152
Q

Population

A

In data analytics, all possible data values in a dataset

153
Q

Primary key

A

An identifier in a database that references a column in which each value is unique (Refer to foreign key)

154
Q

Problem domain

A

The area of analysis that encompasses every activity affecting or affected by a problem.

155
Q

Problem types

A

The various problems that data analysts encounter, including categorizing things, discovering connections, finding patterns, identifying themes, making predictions, and spotting something unusual.

156
Q

Qualitative data

A

A subjective and explanatory measure of a quality or characteristic

157
Q

Quantitative data

A

A specific and objective measure, such as a number, quantity, or range

158
Q

Query

A

A request for data or information from a database

159
Q

Query language

A

A computer programming language used to communicate with a database

160
Q

Random sampling

A

A way of selecting a sample from a population so that every possible type of the sample has an equal chance of being chosen

161
Q

Range

A

A collection of two or more cells in a spreadsheet

162
Q

Record

A

A collection of related data in a data table, usually synonymous with row

163
Q

Redundancy

A

When the same piece of data is stored in two or more places

164
Q

Reframing

A

Restating a problem or challenge, then redirecting it toward a potential resolution

165
Q

Regular expression (RegEx)

A

A rule that says the values in a table must match a prescribed pattern

166
Q

Relational database

A

A database that contains a series of tables that can be connected to form relationships

167
Q

Relevant question

A

A question that has significance to the problem to be solved.

168
Q

Analytical Thinking

A

The process of identifying and defining a problem, then solving it by using data in an organized, step-by-step manner.

169
Q

Remove duplicates

A

A spreadsheet tool that automatically searches for and eliminates duplicate entries from a spreadsheet

170
Q

Report

A

A static collection of data periodically given to stakeholders

171
Q

Return on investment (ROI)

A

A formula that uses metrics of investment and profit to evaluate the success of an investment

172
Q

Revenue

A

The total amount of income generated by the sale of goods or services

173
Q

RIGHT

A

A function that returns a set number of characters from the right side of a text string

174
Q

Root cause

A

The reason why a problem occurs

175
Q

Sample

A

In data analytics, a segment of a population that is representative of the entire population

176
Q

Sampling bias

A

Overrepresenting or underrepresenting certain members of a population as a result of working with a sample that is not representative of the population as a whole

177
Q

Schema

A

A way of describing how something, such as data, is organized

178
Q

Scope of work (SOW)

A

An agreed-upon outline of the tasks to be performed during a project

179
Q

Second-party data

A

Data collected by a group directly from its audience and then sold

180
Q

SELECT

A

The section of a query that indicates the subset of a dataset

181
Q

Small data

A

Small, specific data points typically involving a short period of time, which are useful for making day-to-day decisions

182
Q

SMART methodology

A

A tool for determining a question’s effectiveness based on whether it is specific, measurable, action-oriented, relevant, and time-bound

183
Q

Social media

A

Websites and applications through which users create and share content or participate in social networking

184
Q

Soft skills

A

Nontechnical traits and behaviors that relate to how people work

185
Q

Sorting

A

The process of arranging data into a meaningful order to make it easier to understand, analyze, and visualize

186
Q

Specific question

A

A question that is simple, significant, and focused on a single topic or a few closely related ideas.

187
Q

Split

A

A function that divides text around a specified character and puts each fragment into a new, separate cell

188
Q

Sponsor

A

A professional advocate who is committed to moving the career of another

189
Q

Spreadsheet

A

A digital worksheet

190
Q

SQL

A

(Refer to Structured Query Language)

191
Q

Stakeholders

A

People who invest time and resources into a project and are interested in its outcome

192
Q

Statistical power

A

The probability that a test of significance will recognize an effect that is present

193
Q

Statistical significance

A

The probability that sample results are not due to random chance

194
Q

String data type

A

A sequence of characters and punctuation that contains textual information (Refer to Text data type)

195
Q

Structural metadata

A

Metadata that indicates how a piece of data is organized and whether it is part of one or more than one data collection

196
Q

Structured data

A

Data organized in a certain format such as rows and columns

197
Q

Structured Query Language

A

A computer programming language used to communicate with a database

198
Q

Structured thinking

A

The process of recognizing the current problem or situation, organizing available information, revealing gaps and opportunities, and identifying options

199
Q

SUBSTR

A

A SQL function that extracts a substring from a string variable

200
Q

Substring

A

A smaller subset of a text string

201
Q

SUM

A

A spreadsheet function that adds the values of a selected range of cells

202
Q

Syntax

A

The predetermined structure of a language that includes all required words, symbols, and punctuation, as well as their proper placement

203
Q

Technical midset

A

The ability to break things down into smaller pieces and work with them in an orderly and logical way

204
Q

Text data type

A

A sequence of characters and punctuation that contains textual information (also called string data type)

205
Q

Text string

A

A group of characters within a cell, most often composed of letters

206
Q

Third-party-data

A

Data provided from outside sources who didn’t collect it directly

207
Q

Time-bound question

A

A question that specifies a timeframe to be used

208
Q

Transaction transparecy

A

The aspect of data ethics that presumes all data-processing activities and algorithms should be explainable and understood by the individual who provides the data

209
Q

Transferable skills

A

Skills and qualities that can transfer from one job or industry to another

210
Q

TRIM

A

A function that removes leading, trailing, and repeated spaces in data

211
Q

Turnover rate

A

The rate at which employees voluntarily leave a company

212
Q

Typecasting

A

Converting data from one type to another

213
Q

Unbiased sampling

A

When the sample of the population being measured is representative of the population as a whole

214
Q

Unfair question

A

A question that makes assumptions or is difficult to answer honestly

215
Q

Unique

A

A value that can’t have a duplicate

216
Q

United States Census Bureau

A

An agency in the U.S Department of Commerce that serves as the nation’s leading provider of quality data about its people and economy

217
Q

Unstructured data

A

Data that is not organized in any easily identifiable manner

218
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which that data conforms to constraints when it is input, collected, or created

219
Q

Verification

A

A process to confirm that a data-cleaning effort was well executed and the resulting data is accurate and reliable

220
Q

Video file

A

A collection of images, audio files, and other data usually encoded in a compressed format such as MP4, MV4, MOV, AVI, or FLV

221
Q

Visualization

A

(Refer to data visualization)

222
Q

VLOOKUP

A

A spreadsheet function that vertically searches for a certain value in a column to return a corresponding piece of information

223
Q

WHERE

A

The section of a query that specifies criteria that the requested data must meet

224
Q

Wide data

A

A dataset in which every data subject has a single row with multiple columns to hold that values of various attributes of the subject

225
Q

World Health Organization

A

An organization whose primary role is to direct and coordinate international health within the United Nations system

226
Q

COUNTA

A

A spreadsheet function that counts the total number of values within a specified range

227
Q

ORDER BY

A

A SQL clause that sorts results returned in a query

228
Q

LIMIT

A

A SQL clause that specifies the maximum number of records returned in a query

229
Q

ROUND

A

A SQL function that returns a number rounded to a certain number of decimal places

Data Analysis (1 decks)

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