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Sheep Science > Glossary of Sheep Terms > Flashcards

Glossary of Sheep Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Abomasum!

A

a ruminant’s fourth stomach compartment, where digestion takes place

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2
Q

Abortion

A

Occurs when the fetus (or fetuses) are expelled by a pregnant female, before the normal end of the pregnancy

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3
Q

Abscess

A

an accumulation of pus surrounded by fibrous tissue

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4
Q

Accelerated Lambing!

A

when an ewe lambs more than once a year

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5
Q

Additive

A

a substance added to something in small quantities to improve or preserve it

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6
Q

Ad Libitum

A

When feed is made available to an animal on a free - choice basis

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7
Q

A.I.!

A

the process where semen is placed within a female’s uterus by artificial means

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8
Q

Anestrus

A

a period of reproductive inactivity, where ewes don’t exhibit estrus; essentially the length between estruses

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9
Q

Animal Unit

A

a system created to help producers optimize grazing resources by providing a way to match the forage demands of livestock with forage availability

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10
Q

Anorexia

A

When a lack of appetite is displayed by an animal

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11
Q

Anthelmintic!

A

a medicine that kills certain types of intestinal worms

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12
Q

Artificial Insemination!

A

the process where semen is placed within a female’s uterus by artificial means

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13
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

the maximum number of animal units that can be grazed for a specific time period; maximum number of sheep that a given area of land can support

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14
Q

Castrate!

A

to deprive an animal of the testes

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15
Q

Castration

A

the removal of a male sheep’s testicles to stop the production of male hormones

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16
Q

Cereal

A

cereal grains are an important source of energy for ruminants; they typically have high starch concentrations, good palatability and high digestibility (ex: corn)

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17
Q

Colostrum

A

the first milk produced by the female immediately after giving birth. it is highly nutritious and provides antibodies

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18
Q

Commercial Feeds

A

complete feeds that are prepared at a feed mill and are formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of animals when fed as directed

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19
Q

Complete Ration

A

a blend of all feedstuffs together in one feed

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20
Q

Concentrates

A

feed that is relatively low in fiber and high in energy

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21
Q

Condition

A

refers to the amount of body weight, hair coat quality and the general health and appearance of an animal

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22
Q

Conformation

A

the body form or physical traits of an animal (it’s shape/arrangement of parts)

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23
Q

Contagious

A

a disease that can spread from one organism to another by direct or indirect contact

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24
Q

Cracked

A
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25
Q

Creep

A

an area that is accessible to smaller young animals that larger adult animals can’t access, allowing the younger animals to consume additional feed to supplement nutrients obtained from nursing

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26
Q

Crutching

A

the removal of dirty, wet wool from a sheep’s rear end, tail and between its legs for hygiene purposes

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27
Q

Cryptorchid

A

When the testes are retained in the body, rather than descending into the scrotum (results in infertility)

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28
Q

As-Fed

A

Feed as it is consumed by an animal

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29
Q

Average Daily Gain

A

the average amount of weight a market animal will gain each day during the feeding period

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30
Q

Balanced Ration

A

Feed, or a combination of feeds, that will supply the daily nutrient requirements of an animal

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31
Q

Band

A

a group of ewes numbering 700 to 1200

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32
Q

Bolus

A

a small mass of masticated (chewed) feed that is ready to be swallowed

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33
Q

Bred

A

an ewe that is pregnant

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34
Q

Breech

A

A fetus is in a breech presentation at birth when it’s rear portion is presented first

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35
Q

Breed

A

animals that have common characteristics and a common origin that distinguish them from other groups within the same species

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36
Q

Broken Mouth

A

sheep who have lost some, but not all of their teeth

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37
Q

Browse!

A

parts of woody plants, including twigs, shoots and leaves

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38
Q

Buck

A

male sheep (typically of breeding age)

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39
Q

Byproduct Feeds

A

most byproduct feeds are available as a result of processing a traditional feed ingredient to generate another product; these can be an economical source of nutrients

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40
Q

Carcass

A

the dressed body of a meat animal

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41
Q

Carcass Weight

A

the weight of a slaughtered animal once the head, feet, skin and internal organs have been removed

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42
Q

Carcass Yield

A

the proportion of an animal’s live weight that remains remains after it has been slaughtered, hung and trimmed

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43
Q

Carrier

A

an individual that is heterozygous, so their genotypes carry the recessive gene

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44
Q

Cud

A

a portion of food that a ruminant has previously swallowed that is returned to the mouth from the stomach to be chewed a second time

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45
Q

Cull!

A

the process of determining which animals in the herd will be removed, to ensure only the most productive animals are kept for breeding

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46
Q

Cutting Chute

A

a narrow chute that allows animals to move in a single file line; gates can be/are placed to direct animals into different areas or pens

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47
Q

Dam

A

the female parent

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48
Q

Dental Pad

A

a hard, thick gum line on the roof of a sheep’s mouth that replaces the upper incisors

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49
Q

Dermatitis

A

an infection of the skin that can cause lumpy wool, hair loss, swelling, lesions, etc.

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50
Q

Diet

A

the kinds of feed that an animal routinely consumes; sheep have a herbivorous diet

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51
Q

Disinfectant

A

a substance or process that destroys infectious agents on surfaces to protect livestock from disease and outbreaks

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52
Q

Disposition

A

the temperament or relative docility and handling ability of an animal

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53
Q

Dock

A

the portion of the tail that sits immediately to the rear of the rump, which is where the tail originated before it was docked

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54
Q

Drench

A

when an oral medication, typically an anthelmintic, is administered using a drenching gun

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55
Q

Dressing Percentage

A

carcass weight/live weight;

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56
Q

Dry

A

an animal that isn’t currently producing milk

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57
Q

Drylot

A

feeding animals in an enclosure away from pasture/vegetation; typically used for fattening

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58
Q

Dry Matter Basis

A

The moisture - free content of feeds

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59
Q

Early Weaning

A

occurs when lambs are weaned before they are 90 days old, typically at around 60 days

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60
Q

Ear Notching

A

a notch, or series of notches, that are made in the ear of an animal for identification purpose

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61
Q

Easy Keeper

A

livestock animals that maintain themselves easily. oftentimes it takes less feed to keep them in good condition

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62
Q

Edema

A

when an abnormally large amount of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body is present

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63
Q

Elastrator

A

an instrument that is used to apply heavy rubber bands to the tail and scrotum for docking and castration

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64
Q

Emaciated

A

an animal that is severely devoid of fat and has reduced skeletal muscle

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65
Q

Energy Feeds

A

energy providing feed that is high in total digestible nutrients but low in protein (ex: cereal grains)

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66
Q

Enteritis

A

swelling or inflammation in the small intestine

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67
Q

Environment

A

the setting where an animal lives, finds shelter and meets its basic needs

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68
Q

Eruction

A

the act of belching up gas from the stomach

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69
Q

Estrous Cycle

A

the period from one estrus (heat period), to the next

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70
Q

Estrus

A

The period of heat or sexual excitement in a female where they are able to breed

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71
Q

Ewe

A

a sexually mature female sheep

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72
Q

Feed (Feedstuff)

A

any material that is used as food; components of a diet or ration

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73
Q

Feed Additive

A

adding an extra nutrient or drug into a animal’s feed

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74
Q

Feed Efficiency

A

the amount of feed consumed per unit of weight increase or unit of production; ex: how much feed is needed for each pound of gain

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75
Q

Feeder Lambs

A

animals under 1yr of age that haven’t reached slaughter weight, but show indications of making good gains once placed on feed

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76
Q

Feedlot (Drylot)!

A

an area where animals are confined and fed carefully mixed, high concentrate feed to fatten them

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77
Q

Feedstuff (Feed)

A

any material that is used as food; components of a diet or ration

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78
Q

Fiber Content of Feedstuff

A

fiber plays an important role in rumen function, as it increases rumination and salivation; at least 10% of the diet should be roughage to help maintain fiber content

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79
Q

Fill

A

the contents of the digestive tract

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80
Q

Finish

A

refers to an animal’s fatness; the more finished an animal is, the fatter it is

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81
Q

Flushing

A

the practice of feeding female animals very well right before the breeding season to stimulate their reproductive organs to the maximum activity

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82
Q

Forage

A

roughage of high feeding value; ex: grasses and legumes fed at the proper maturity stage and quality

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83
Q

Free - Choice

A

a feeding method where various feeds are kept constantly available to animals

84
Q

Full Feed

A

providing animals with the maximum amount of feed needed to satisfy the purpose for which they’re being fed

85
Q

Gastrointestinal

A

a sheep’s gastrointestinal tract is similar to other ruminants, and their stomachs are made up of four digestive organs

86
Q

Gestation

A

the period in a females life during which they are carrying their unborn young; period between conception and parturition

87
Q

Gigot

A

a leg of meat from a sheep or lamb

88
Q

Grade!

A

a measure of quality; there are grades for live animals, meat and wool

89
Q

Gregarious

A

having a tendency to live in groups or flocks, rather than alone

90
Q

Group - Fed

A
91
Q

Growthy

A
92
Q

Gummer

A

a sheep that is missing its incisor teeth

93
Q

Hand Feeding

A

feeding at regular intervals so that the sheep consume all the feed before more feed is offered

94
Q

Hand Mating

A

bringing a female to a male for breeding, then removing the female from the area the male is located in

95
Q

Hard Doer

A

an animal that has difficulty gaining weight and typically requires more feed

96
Q

Harvest (Slaughter)

A

the process of knocking and bleeding animals; killing animals for use as food

97
Q

Hay

A

dried forage that is used for feeding farm animals

98
Q

Haylage

A

forage ensiled at a relatively low moisture content (~40-50%)

99
Q

Heat (Estrus, Estrous Period)

A

the period during which a female will accept service by the male

100
Q

Hernia

A

an abnormal opening in the abdomen, which allows the abdominal contents to protrude through the skin or muscle

101
Q

Hormone

A

a chemical messenger secreted by ductless glands in the body that affect physiological function

102
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

when the concentration of calcium in the blood is blow normal levels

103
Q

Immunity

A

when an animal becomes resistant to a disease through the use of vaccines/serums or through the production of antibodies resulting from having the disease

104
Q

Immunoglobins

A

a protein that is produced by B cells and plasma cells in the immune system that functions as an antibody to defend the body against pathogens

105
Q

Ingredient

A

a component, part or element of something

106
Q

Intramuscular!

A

(IM) into a muscle

107
Q

Intraperitoneal!

A

(IP) administered or withdrawn from within the abdominal cavity

108
Q

Intravenous!

A

(IV) entering through a vein

109
Q

Jug

A

a small pen that’s only large enough to hold one ewe and her offspring

110
Q

Lactation

A

the secretion or production of milk

111
Q

Lactose (Milk Sugar)

A

the principal sugar of the milk of all mammals; it’s a disaccharide (composed of one glucose molecule and one galactose molecule)

112
Q

Lamb

A

a sheep under 1 year of age; if a lamb has lost any temporary teeth it will no longer be classified as this

113
Q

Lambing Pen ( Lambing Jug)

A

a small pen that an ewe is placed in immediately before lambing, or if lambing has already occurred elsewhere, immediately after lambing; usually around 4 square ft? 4 ft square?

114
Q

Larvae!

A

the immature form of animals that hatch from an egg, and they often differ in appearance from their adult form

115
Q

Libido

A

sexual desire or instinct

116
Q

Limited Feeding

A

The practice of not giving an animal all of the feed it will consume

117
Q

Litter

A

the offspring of a female that is litter - bearing, that are all delivered at one parturition

118
Q

Low - Set

A

when a sheep is stocky, especially with short legs and well developed muscles

119
Q

Macrominerals!

A

minerals that are needed by animals in large quantities (such as Ca, Mg, P, Na, Cl and K)

120
Q

Mastication

A

the process of chewing food before swallowing

121
Q

Mastitis

A

inflammation of the mammary gland

122
Q

Medicated Feed

A

animal food that contains a drug or medication, to help treat, control or prevent a disease, or improve growth and productivity

123
Q

Microingredient

A

an ingredient that is included in an extremely small amount, typically less than 0.5% of the final product

124
Q

Minerals

A

a naturally occurring inorganic element that living organisms need to consume to develop and function normally

125
Q

Mineral Supplement

A

products that add nutritional value to a diet by providing minerals needed for proper physiological function

126
Q

Monorchid

A

a male animal that only has one testicle descended into the scrotum

127
Q

Morbidity

A

the state of being symptomatic or unhealthy for a disease or condition; another term for illness

128
Q

Mortality

A

the death of an animal

129
Q

Mutton

A

the meat from an older sheep; they have spool joints rather than break joints

130
Q

Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN)

A

components that are not proteins, but can be converted to proteins by microbes in the ruminant stomach (ex: urea, biuret, and ammonium phosphate)

131
Q

Nutrient Requirements

A

the levels of particular nutrients in the lowest amount that is necessary to maintain an animal in good health

132
Q

Nutrients

A

any food component, or group of food components, of the same general chemical composition, that contribute to the support of animal life

133
Q

Nutrition

A

the process of providing and obtaining the food necessary for the health and growth of animals

134
Q

Offal

A

the parts of a butchered animal that are removed; generally references the inedible parts

135
Q

Oil Crops

A

plants that are grown for the oil in their seeds; they are high in protein and lipids

136
Q

Omasum!

A

the third part of the ruminant stomach; located between the reticulum and the abomasum

137
Q

Orphan Lamb

A

a lamb that can’t be nursed by its mother due to her sickness or death

138
Q

Overfeeding

A

overfeeding is wasteful and a potentially dangerous practice that can lead to bloating, which can be fatal

139
Q

Overfinishing

A

occurs when an animal has too many fat deposits, as well as an increased fat depth

140
Q

Oxytocin

A

a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that allows a female to let down her milk when the proper stimulus is applied (MORE??)

141
Q

Palatability

A

an animal’s preference among several feeds for ultimate consumption; affected by many factors such as taste, texture, aroma, etc.

142
Q

Parrot Mouth

A

a jaw defect that is characterized by an uneven alignment of the upper and lower teeth in animals (typically an overbite)

143
Q

Parts per Million (ppm)

A

an expression of the concentration of a material in a solution; equals milligrams per kilogram or microliters per liter

144
Q

Parturition

A

the act of a female giving birth to her young

145
Q

Pedigree

A

a record that shows an animal’s line of ancestors and their relationships

146
Q

Pelt

A

the skin and wool of a sheep

147
Q

Photoperiod!

A

the relationship between the length of light and dark in a 24 hour period

148
Q

Physiology

A

deals with the normal, vital functions of various parts of the living animal

149
Q

Pizzle!

A

the penis of an animal

150
Q

Polled

A

a naturally hornless animal

151
Q

Postpartum

A

occurring after the birth of the offspring

152
Q

Premix

A

complete mixtures of vitamins, minerals, trace elements and other feed additives that are incorporated into feed rations at low levels

153
Q

Prenatal

A

the time before birth, or the gestational period from conception to birth

154
Q

Progeny

A

the offspring of animals

155
Q

Prolapse

A

the displacement of a part or organ of the body from it’s normal position; vaginal and uterine prolapses are two types that occur in sheep

156
Q

Prolific!

A

producing offspring in abundance

157
Q

Protein Supplement

A

feed that will increase the protein content of a diet; they can be used to improve the digestibility of forage and help maintain productivity

158
Q

Puberty

A

the period of life when the reproductive organs become functional for the first time; characterized by estrus and ovulation in the female and semen production in the male

159
Q

Purebred

A

any animal that traces all the way back to the foundation stock of the breed it represents

160
Q

Ram

A

an uncastrated male sheep

161
Q

Ration

A

the amount of feed supplied to an animal for a definite period (typically per day)

162
Q

Regurgitation

A

to cast or bring up undigested food from the stomach to the mouth

163
Q

Replacement

A

mature ewes or ewe lambs that are being purchased to be placed in the breeding unit of an ewe/lamb operation

164
Q

Retained Placenta

A

placental membranes that aren’t expelled at parturition

165
Q

Reticulum!

A

the second chamber of a ruminant digestive tract; used for sorting out fine particles for further fermentation

166
Q

Roughage

A

relatively low in energy and high in fiber; consists of pasture, silage, hay or other dry fodder

167
Q

Rumen (Paunch)

A

the first (and largest) of a ruminants four stomach compartments

168
Q

Run - On Pasture

A

refers to sheep that are raised in open fields or pastures, where they can roam, graze and forage naturally

169
Q

Satiety

A

the physiological state at the end of a meal when further eating is inhibited by ‘fullness’

170
Q

Scouring

A

washing wool to remove dirt and other natural impurities

171
Q

Scurs

A

rounded portions of horn tissues attached to the skin at the horn pits of polled animals

172
Q

Selenium

A

a trace element that is essential for sheep’s health; works with vitamin e to prevent and repair cell damage in the body

173
Q

Self - Fed (Free - Choice Feeding)

A

a feeding system characterized by constantly available feed, allowing the animals to consume feed whenever they wish

174
Q

Self - Feeder (Gravity Feeder)

A

a structure used for feeding animals that consists of a storage bin for the feed and a trough, which the feed descends, allowing the animals to eat

175
Q

Semen

A

the fluid produced in the male reproductive organs, which contains the spermatozoa that is needed to fertilize the ovum of the female

176
Q

Service

A

a term that’s commonly used to describe the mating of male to female

177
Q

Settled

A
178
Q

Sib

A

a brother or sister; can be full sibs or half sibs

179
Q

Sire

A

the male parent

180
Q

Slaughter

A

to kill an animal for food

181
Q

Stag

A

an unsexed male animal that is castrated when it’s already mostly or fully mature

182
Q

Stress

A

animals experience stress when they feel threatened, and they are considered to be in a state of stress if they begin to behave abnormally or make extreme physiology and behavior adjustments

183
Q

Subcutaneous!

A

(SQ or sub - q) under the skin

184
Q

Suckle

A

to give milk from the breast or udder

185
Q

Supplement

A

something that completes or enhances something else when added to it

186
Q

Synthetics

A

a non natural substance; any chemical manufactured by humans that is used in the production of crops or livestock

187
Q

Tallow

A

solid white rendered fat of cattle and soap; used primarily in soap, margarine, candles and lubricants

188
Q

Tattoo

A

a mark or scar made by tattooing, allowing for a permanent identification mark (typically inside the ear)

189
Q

Teaser Ram

A

a ram that still has all the hormones, but has been made incapable of impregnating a female, either by vasectomy or by using an apron allowing it to be used to bring females into season, before the actual service occurs

190
Q

Tetany

A

a condition characterized by localized, spasmodic muscular contractions

191
Q

Totally Digestible Nutrient (TDN)

A

the sum of all the digestible organic nutrients in a specific feed; it’s a way of expressing the energy content of a feed)

192
Q

Trace Mineral

A

minerals needed in very small quantities (including Fe, Co, Cr, Cu, I, Mn, Se, Zn and Mo)

193
Q

Type

A

the conformation of an animal that indicates or suggests the purpose it serves

194
Q

Udder

A

the anatomical structure of the female, which contains the mammary gland

195
Q

Underfeeding

A

when an animal isn’t getting enough to eat, leading to potential underperformance, disease and even death

196
Q

Unthriftiness

A

a general lack of vigor; often characterized by poor growth and development

197
Q

Vaccination (Shot)!

A

an injection given to animals to prevent or cure diseases

198
Q

Vaccine

A

a health measure that contains the dead or weakened microbe that causes the disease, which stimulates the immune system to form antibodies that protect the animal from contracting a disease in the future

199
Q

Vaginal Prolapse

A

presents as a mass of tissue protruding from the vulva, due to the vagina falling out of its normal position

200
Q

Vasectomy

A

a surgical procedure that involves removing a section of the spermatic cord to prevent sperm from traveling, rendering the male infertile; male is still able to retain male secondary sex characteristics

201
Q

Vasectomized Ram (Teaser)

A

a ram that’s had a vasectomy (therefore incapable of impregnating a female) but still has all the hormones, so they’re used to bring females into season, before the actual service occurs

202
Q

Virus

A

a small, infectious agent that can infect all cellular life and that is unable to replicate outside a living cell

203
Q

Vitamins

A

organic compounds that are necessary for vital functions in minute amounts for different physiological functions

204
Q

Weaning

A

taking the nursing young away from the mother, preventing it from nursing

205
Q

Wether

A

a male sheep that was castrated at an early age (usually within 2 weeks post birth)

206
Q

Yearling!

A

an animal between 1 and 2 years of age

Sheep Science (1 decks)

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