Glossary of Exam Terms (Wiley) Flashcards
Learn all vocabulary as published by Wiley 2015 Series 3 Exam Review + Test Bank
Commodity Exchange Act
Passed by Congress in 1936, this piece of legislation replaced the Grain Futures Act of 1922 and required that any transaction in commodity futures or commodity futures options take pace on the floor of an exchange and not in the over-the-counter or OTC market. Amended in 1975 to create the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, to oversee and regulate the industry.
Actual Funds
The equity in each commodity trading account over which a CTA has full discretionary authority and may enter trades and withdraw funds without the client’s consent.
Actuals
The underlying physical cash commodity.
Appeals Committee
An entity established under NFA Bylaws, to whom a respondent may contest the findings of the business conduct committee.
Approved Delivery Facility
An exchange-approved warehouse or storage facility authorized to accept delivery of underlying commodities for the settlement of futures contracts.
Arbitrage
An investment strategy used to profit from market inefficiencies between two contracts or between the price of the futures contract and the price of the underlying commodity.
Associated Person
Any individual under the control of an FCM or IB, including officers, and directors, as well as those individuals who act in any sales capacity or who supervise such.
Backwardation
A pricing structure where distant futures contracts are trading at progressively lower prices to near-term contracts. Also known as an inverted market.
Basis
The term used to describe the price spread between the price of the underlying cash commodity and the futures contract.
Basis Grade
A minimum standard for the quality of a commodity that may be delivered under the settlement of a futures contract.
Basis Point
Measures a bond’s yield; one of these is equal to 1/100 of 1%.
Bear Market
A market condition that is characterized by continuously falling prices and a series of lower lows in overall prices.
Bearish
An investor’s belief that prices will decline.
Bid
A price that an investor or merchant is willing to pay for a futures contract. It is also a price at which an investor may sell a contract immediately and the price at which market maker will buy a security.
Board Order
(see Market If Touched order)
Board of Trade
An exchange duly recognized by the CFTC and authorized to trade futures contracts.
Breakout
A technical term used to describe the price action of a security when it increases past resistance to a higher level and into a new trading range.
Broker
An individual or firm that acts as the customer’s agent and executes futures orders for a commission.
Bull Market
A market condition that is characterized by rising prices and a series of higher highs.
Bullish
An investor who believes that the price of a security or prices as a whole will rise.
Business Conduct Committee
An entity established under the NFA Bylaws, that issues complaints against members for rule violations.
Call Option
A type of option that gives the holder the right to purchase a specified number of futures contracts at a stated price for a specified period of time.
Carrying Firm
An FCM who clears customer trades and has custody of or carries customer assets.
Carrying Charge
The cost to store, insure, and finance the physical possession of the underlying commodity.
Carrying Charge Market
A pricing structure where distant month contracts trade at a premium to near-term contracts, representing the cost to store, insure, and finance the physical possession of the underlying commodity.
Carryover
The amount of a commodity that remains available from the previous harvest year.
Cash Commodity
The actual physical commodity. See actuals.
Cash Market
The market where the actual commodity is sold and delivered upon receipt of cash payment.
Certified Stock
The amount of the cash commodity on hand and in warehouses and approved for settlement of futures contracts. Also known as deliverable stock.
Churning
Executing transactions that are excessive in their frequency or size in light of the resources of the account for the purpose of generating commissions.
Clearing
The process by which the clearinghouse guarantees the performance of each futures contract for each buyer and seller.
Clearinghouse
An agency that guarantees and settles futures and option transactions for an exchange.
Clearing Member
A member of both the exchange and of the clearinghouse who may carry customer funds and clear trades.
Closing Order
(See “Closing Range.”)
Closing Transaction
An order to offset an existing long or short futures or option contract position.
Commission or CFTC
Created by Congress to oversee the trading in all futures contracts. The entity is a direct government agency and is the ultimate regulator in the commodity futures industry. It is not a self-regulatory organization (SRO).
Commission House/Commission Merchant
A firm that represents customer orders for the purchase and sale of commodity futures contracts and options on commodity futures contracts. The firm charges a fee known as a commission for executing the customers’ orders.
Commodity Futures Contract
An exchange-approved contract representing the obligation to accept or make delivery of a set amount of the underlying commodity.
Commodity Futures Option
A contract that creates the right to purchase or sell a futures contract in the case of the buyer of the option, or the obligation to purchase or sell the futures contract in the case of the seller.
Commodity Pool
A business entity established to trade commodities in a single account established from the combined contributions of numbers participants.
Commodity Pool Operator
A Commodity Pool Operator or CPO is an organization which invests money contributed by a group of participants to a single account for the purpose of investing the money in futures contracts, options on futures, retail off-exchange forex contracts or swaps, or to invest in another commodity pool.
Commodity Trading Advisor (CTA)
An individual or business who, for compensation or profit, advises others on trading futures contracts or options on futures contracts. This is also someone who advises as to the value of futures contracts, options on futures, retail off-exchange forex contracts, or swaps.
Congestion
A sideways trading pattern characterized by small price changes with support and resistance being in very close proximity to each other.
Contango
A futures contract pricing structure where the further delivery months trade at successively higher premiums. This market structure is also known as a premium market, a normal market, or a carrying charge market.
Contract
A standardized agreement to accept or to make delivery of a commodity in the case of a futures contract or of a futures contract in the case of a commodity futures option.
Contract Grades
The various grades of the commodity that may be delivered to settle a futures contract. These include basis grade (standard), premium, and discount grade.
Contract Market
An exchange officially designated by the CFTC where commodities futures and commodity futures options trading may take place.
Contract Month
The month during which the underlying commodity must be delivered by the seller and during which delivery must be accepted by the buyer.
Contract Unit
The standardized number of units of the underlying commodity covered by the futures contract.
Controlled Account
An account where discretionary authority to purchase and sell commodity futures contracts has been given to a third party.
Corner
The accumulation or control of a substantial amount of the supply of the commodity, to the point where the parties controlling the substantial supply can dictate the price for the commodity or manipulate the price of the commodity in the marketplace.
Cover
The act of offsetting a short futures position by purchasing the contract to close and exit the market.
Covered Call
The sale of a call option against a long futures contract position.
Credit Spread
An option position that results in a net premium or credit received by the investor from the simultaneous purchase and sale of two calls or two puts on the same futures contract.
Crop Year
The period for agricultural commodities which begins with the current harvest and runs util the next harvest of the following year.
Daily Price Limit
The maximum amount by which the price of a given commodity may rise or fall during a given trading day.
Day Order
An order that will be cancelled at the end of the trading day on which it is entered, if not executed.
Day Trader
An investor who seeks to profit from the intraday price changes of futures contracts and who does not hold these positions overnight.
Debit Spread
An option position that results in a net premium, paid by the investor from the simultaneous purchase and sale of two calls or two puts on the same security.
Deferred futures
Futures contracts with expiration dates exceeding the current or front month contract.
Delivery
The presentation of the underlying commodity to settle the obligations of a futures contract.
Delivery Notice
A written notice submitted to a long futures contract holder informing them of their requirement to accept delivery of the physical commodity on a specified date from the short futures contract holder.
Delta
A measure of an option’s price change in relation to a price change in the underlying security.
Depository Receipt
A receipt issued as evidence of the ownership of the underlying cash commodity.
Discount
A lower contract settlement price paid by the buyer to accept delivery of an inferior or discount grade commodity to settle a futures contract.
Discount Market
A futures contract pricing structure where the near-term contract is trading at a higher price than the more distant contracts. This is also known as an inverted market or backwardation.