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Geography A level GENERAL > Glossary of Epic Terms > Flashcards

Glossary of Epic Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

When material carried by moving water or wind hits exposed rock surfaces thus wearing them away

A
  • Abrasion
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2
Q

Removal of water avalible in the environment. Also refers to the removal of too much water.

A
  • Abstraction and Over-abstraction
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3
Q

Any alteration or adjustment in the structure or function of an organism or system which enables it to survive in changing environmental conditions

A
  • Adaptation
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4
Q

These are the people who impact on a place whether through living, working, or trying to improve that place.

A
  • Agents of change
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5
Q

When companies in similar industries locate near each other because of the benefits gained by sharing ideas and resources (such as Detroit).

A
  • Agglomeration
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6
Q

The reflectivity of a surface.

A
  • Albedo
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7
Q

Rapid warming in the Arctic

A
  • Arctic amplification
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8
Q

Factors tha are caused by human beings

A
  • Anthropogenic factors
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9
Q

An area that receives less than 250mm of precipitation per year

A
  • Arid
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10
Q

The part of the mantle which lies directly beneath the lithosphere

A
  • Asthenosphere
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11
Q

An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy.

A
  • Autotroph
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12
Q

The action of water receding back down the beach towards the sea

A
  • Backwash
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13
Q

The max discharge that a river chanel is capable of carrying without flooding

A
  • Bankfull
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14
Q

This represents the normal day to day discharge of the river

A
  • Base flow
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15
Q

The ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water

A
  • Benthic
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16
Q

An agreement on trade (or aid) that is negotiated between two countries or two groups of countries

A
  • Bilateral (agreement)
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17
Q

The mapping of emotions shown by people to certain places

A
  • Biomapping
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18
Q

A rapid drop in pressure (more than 24 millbars in 24 hours).

A
  • Bomb cyclogenesis
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19
Q

The total sum of all living matter. The biological component of Earth systems.

A
  • Biosphere
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20
Q

When local people are consulted and supported in making decisions to undertake projects or developments that meet one or more of their specific needs.

A
  • Bottom up approach
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21
Q

An acronym used to describe a group of four countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) whose economies have grown very rapidly.

A
  • BRIC
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22
Q

A term used in urban planning to describe land previously used for industrial purposes or commercial uses

A
  • Brownfield site
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23
Q

A term used for the theft of oil from pipelines or other sources

A
  • Bunkering
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24
Q

The movement of money for the purpose of investment, trade or to produce goods/provide services.

A
  • Capital flows
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25
Q

The capture of CO2 from the atmosphere or from anthropogenic sources

A
  • Carbon sequestration
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26
Q

A store of carbon that absorbs more carbon than it releases

A
  • Carbon sink
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27
Q

The maximum population size that an area or environment can sustain

A
  • Carrying capacity
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28
Q

The centre of an urban area containing major shops, offices and entertainment

A
  • CBD (Centeral Business District)
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29
Q

Wind redirected down long straight canyon like streets where there is less friction

A
  • Channelling
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30
Q

The processes leading to the decomposition of breaking down of rocks due to chemical reactions.

A
  • Chemical weathering
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31
Q

A term used to describe urban retail areas dominated by national and in some cases international chain stores.

A
  • Clone town
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32
Q

The balance between sediment being added to and removed from the coastal system

A
  • Coastal sediment budget
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33
Q

A group formed by countries in geographical proximity in which trade barriers for goods and services are emliminated.

A
  • Common markets
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34
Q

Prearranged measures that aim to reduce the loss of life and property damage

A
  • Community preparedness
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35
Q

A collection of different companies or organisations which may be involved in different business activities but all report to one parent company. (Most TNCs are this)

A
  • Conglomerates
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36
Q

Waves with a low wave height but with a long wavelength and low frequency. There swash tends to be more powerful than their backwash and as a consequence beach material is built up.

A
  • Constructive waves
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37
Q

A system of standardised transport that uses large standard size steel containers.

A
  • Containerisation
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38
Q

The impact of increasing distance from the coast on the climate of an area

A
  • Continentality
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39
Q

A systematic analysis of the advantages and disadvantages likely to result from a development project

A
  • Cost-benefit analysis
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40
Q

The movement of people from large urban areas into smaller urban areas or into rural areas.

A
  • Counter urbanisation
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41
Q

Water locked up on the Earth’s surface as ice.

A
  • Cryosphere
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42
Q

The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

A
  • Cultural diversity
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43
Q

A trade bloc which allows free trade with no barriers between its member states but imposes a common external tariff to trading countries outside the bloc (e.g EU).

A
  • Customs unions
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44
Q

The movement of population and industry from the urban centre to outlying areas

A
  • Decentralisation
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45
Q

Where wind removes loose sand, silt and clay particles from the surface and transports them away

A
  • Deflation
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46
Q

The benefit a country gets when its working population outgrows it dependents such as children and the elderly.

A
  • Demographic dividend
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47
Q

Opposite to the multiplier effect when a withdrawal of income or investment leads to the closure of an activity such as a factory.

A
  • De-multiplier effect
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48
Q

When the velocity of the wind or water decreases until it can no longer transport the grains it is carrying.

A
  • Deposition
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49
Q

State of buildings having been abandoned and become dilapidated.

A
  • Dereliction
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50
Q

Waves with a high wave height with a steep form and high frequency. Their swash is generally stronger than their backwash so more sediment is removed than is added.

A
  • Destructive waves
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51
Q

A group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world.

A
  • Diaspora
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52
Q

The amount of water in a river flowing past a particular point.

A
  • Discharge
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53
Q

In geological terms these are ore deposits that are scattered throughout a rock.

A
  • Disseminations
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54
Q

This is an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.

A
  • Drainage basin
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55
Q

An inland terminal directly connected by road or rail to a seaport.

A
  • Dry ports
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56
Q

The difference between levels of living standards income.

A
  • Economic inequality
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57
Q

In the context of place this refers to the characteristics of the place itself. This would include aspects such as location physical geography, land use and social and economic characteristics.

A
  • Endogenous characterisitics
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58
Q

Streams that flow intermittently in hot desert areas following heavy thunderstorms

A
  • Ephemeral streams
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59
Q

Describes changing patterns of population age distributions, mortality, fertility, life expectancy, life expectancy, and causes of death.

A
  • Epidemiological transition
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60
Q

A global change in sea level resulting from an actual fall or rise in the level of the sea itself

A
  • Eustatic change (positive and negative eustacy)
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61
Q

Occurs when excess fertilisers are washed off the land by rainwater into rivers and lakes

A
  • Eutrophication
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62
Q

The total output of water from the drainage basin directly back into the atmosphere.

A
  • Evapotranspiration
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63
Q

Process of mechanical weathering that results in the breaking, splitting or peeling off of the outer rock layers.

A
  • Exfoliation
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64
Q

This refers to the relationship of one place with other places and the external factors which affect this. Demographic, socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of a place shaped by shifting flows of people resources money and investment.

A
  • Exogenous characteristics
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65
Q

A view of a hazard event that suggests that people cannot influence or shape the outcome therefore nothing can be done to mitigate against it.

A
  • Fatalism
66
Q

Refers to the distance of open water over which a wind blows uninterrupted by major land obstacles. The length of fetch helps to determine the magnitude and energy of the waves reaching the coast.

A
  • Fetch
67
Q

Used to describe an activity such as an industry that can be placed at any location without having to consider factors such as raw materials or transport.

A
  • Footloose
68
Q

The animals of a particular region habitat or geological period.

A
  • Fauna
69
Q

The plants of a particular region, habitat or geological period

A
  • Flora
70
Q

Food security exists when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain healthy and active lives.

A
  • Food security
71
Q

The buying and renovating of properties often in more run-down areas by wealthy individuals

A
  • Gentrification
72
Q

The study of international relations as influenced by geographical factors.

A
  • Geopolitics
73
Q

A process by which national economies, societies and cultures have become increasingly integrated.

A
  • Globalisation
74
Q

A term used to describe products or services that are distributed globally but which are fashioned to appeal to the consumers in a local market.

A
  • Glocalisation
75
Q

An area of undeveloped land.

A
  • Geenfield site
76
Q

Water stored underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock.

A
  • Groundwater
77
Q

​The slow movement of water through underlying rocks.

A
  • Groundwater flow
78
Q

Making a physical change to the coastal landscape using resistant materials such as concrete

A
  • Hard Engineering
79
Q

Computer controlled mirrors which keep the sun reflected on a target as the sun moves across the sky

A
  • Heliostats
80
Q

A coastline where strong steady prevailing winds create high energy waves and the rate of erosion is greater than the rate of deposition.

A
  • High energy coastline
81
Q

The process of making things uniform or similar leading to places becoming indistinct from one another.

A
  • Homogenisation
82
Q

A discontinuos layer of water at or near the Earth’s surface. It includes all liquid and frozen surface water, groundwater, atmospheric water vapour.

A
  • Hydrosphere
83
Q

The means by which a wildfire can be started

A
  • Ignition source
84
Q

A person moving into an area or country to which they are not native in order to settle there

A
  • Immigrant
85
Q

UK government qualitative study to measure deprivation in England

A
  • Index of Multiple Deprivation
86
Q

An organism whose presence absence or abundance reflects a specific environmental condition.

A
  • Indicator Species
87
Q

The movement of water from surface into soil

A
  • Infiltration
88
Q

Number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births

A
  • Infant mortality rate
89
Q

The precipitation that falls on vegetation surfaces or human made cover and is temporarily stored on these surfaces

A
  • Interception storage
90
Q

The interaction and the exchange of ideas between different cultral groups

A
  • Interculturalism
91
Q

A chain of volcanic islands associated with an ocean trench where subduction is taking place

A
  • Island arc
92
Q

Land rising or falling relative to the sea

A
  • Isostatic change
93
Q

A factor of production defined as the aggregate of all human physical and mental effort used to created goods or provide services

A
  • Labour
94
Q

The time between the peak rainfall and peak discharge

A
  • Lag time
95
Q

A flow of wet material down the side of a volcano

A
  • Lahars
96
Q

The removal of pollution or contaminants from the ground which enables areas of derelict former industrial land to be brought back in commercial use

A
  • Land remediation
97
Q

The loss of soluble substances and colloids from the top layer of soil by percolating precipitation. Materials lost are carried downward (eluviated) and are generally redeposited (illuviated) in a lower layer

A
  • Leaching
98
Q

Refers to a loss of income from and economic system. It most usually refers to the profits sent back to their base country by TNCs.

A
  • Leakages
99
Q

The crust and the uppermost mantle.

A
  • Lithosphere
100
Q

Aspects of urban living which make life more comfortable and endurable for city dwellers. It can mean many different hings to different people. It may include natural amenities such as parks or political stability or basic safety.

A
  • Liveability
101
Q

This is the place where something happens or is set, or that has particular events associated with it

A
  • Locale
102
Q

Where a place is e.g the coordinates

A
  • Location
103
Q

Where waves approach the shore at an angle and swash and backwash then transport material along the coast in the direction of the prevailing wind and waves.

A
  • Longshore or littoral drift
104
Q

A coastline where wave energy is low and the rate of deposition often exceeds the rate of erosion of sediment

A
  • Low energy coast
105
Q

The assessment of the size of the impact of a hazard event

A
  • Magnitude
106
Q

Are those that operate upon a coastline that are connected with the sea such as waves, tides, and longshore drift

A
  • Marine processes
107
Q

A manufacturing operation located in a free trade zone in Mexico. They import materials for assembly and export the final product without any trade barriers.

A
  • Maquiladora
108
Q

The movement of material donwhill under the influence of gravity but may also be assisted by rainfall

A
  • Mass movement
109
Q

A city with more than 10 million people

A
  • Megacity
110
Q

A conurbation (group of towns/cities/urban areas) with more than 20 million people

A
  • Metacity
111
Q

The small variations in temperature, precipitation, humidity, windspeed, and evaporation that occur in a particular environment such as urban areas

A
  • Microclimate
112
Q

An acronym referring to the more recently emerging economies of Mexico, Indonesia,Nigeria, and Turkey

A
  • MINT
113
Q

Includes any actions to offset the known detrimental impacts of a process

A
  • Mitigation
114
Q

The agricultural practice of continually producing or growing a single crop, plant or livestock species over a period of time

A
  • Monoculture
115
Q

This term can be used to describe the incidence of a disease within a society.

A
  • Morbidity
116
Q

An agreement negotiated between more than two countries or groups of countries at the same time

A
  • Multilateral agreement
117
Q

A situation where an initial injection of investment or capital into an economy in turn creates additional income

A
  • Multiplier effect
118
Q

A generic term to describe a flammable liquid comprised of various hydrocarbon mixtures

A
  • Naphtha
119
Q

The difference between birth rates and death rates. If death rates high its Natural decrease. If birth rates are higher its natural increase in population.

A
  • Natural change
120
Q

The number of children each woman needs to have to maintain current population levels

A
  • Net replacement rate
121
Q

A medical condition of disease that is by definition no infectious and non-transmissible among people

A
  • Non-communicable diseases
122
Q

Any non profit voluntary citizens group with a common intrest which is organised on a local, national or international level

A
  • Non government organisations (NGOs)
123
Q

The movement of nutrients in the ecosystem between the three major stores of soil biomass and litter.

A
  • Nutrient cycling
124
Q

Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts

A
  • Objective
125
Q

A cost saving strategy used by companies who arrange for goods or services to be produced or provided by other companies usually at a location where costs are lower

A
  • Outsourcing
126
Q

The tendancy of water to flow horizontally across land surfaces when rainfall has exceeded the infiltration capacity of the soil and all surface stores are full to overflowing

A
  • Overland flow
127
Q

An ecological term refferring to a point when the population and its associated consumption of resources exceed the long term carrying capacity of its environment

A
  • Overshoot
128
Q

A form of air pollution caused by the release of particles and noxious gases into the atmosphere.

A
  • Particulate air pollution
129
Q

The point on a flood hydrograph when river discharge is at its greatest

A
  • Peak discharge
130
Q

With regard to hazards or place this is the way in which an individual or a group views the threat of a place or hazard event

A
  • Perception
131
Q

The downward movement of water within the rock under the soil surface

A
  • Percolation
132
Q

Processes and landforms associated with the fringle or area near to an ice sheet or glacier

A
  • Periglacial
133
Q

A form of air pollition that occurs mainly in cities and can be dangerious to health. Exhaust fumes become trapped by temperature and in the presence of sunlight low level ozone forms.

A
  • Photochemical
134
Q

Defined as the loss of uniqueness of a place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

A
  • Placelessness
135
Q

The deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction and improve a community’s quality of life

A
  • Placemaking
136
Q

The plant community that exists when human interference prevents the climatic climax vegetation being reached

A
  • Plagioclimax
137
Q

A compacted layer within the profile of a cultivated soil resulting from repeated compaction from ploughing

A
  • Plough Pan
138
Q

The average number of people living in a specific area

A
  • Population density
139
Q

The pattern of where people live

A
  • Population distribution
140
Q

Water that is suitable for drinking (it does not have to be pure but must not contain unacceptable levels of hazardous materials)

A
  • Potable water
141
Q

A fine grained hard igneous rock which contains large crystals and can contain hydrothermal ore deposits such as copper

A
  • Porphyry
142
Q

The effects of a hazard event that result directly from that event.

A
  • Primary effects
143
Q

The sector of the economy making direct use of natural resources

A
  • Primary sector
144
Q

A deliberate policy by government to impose restrictions on trade in goods and services with other countries. (USA and Trump)

A
  • Protectionism
145
Q

Also known as nuees ardentes formed from a mixture of hot gas and tephra. After ejection from the volcano they can flow down the sides of a mountain at speeds of 700km/h.

A
  • Pyroclastic flows
146
Q

Plants adapted to tolerate fire

A
  • Pyrophytic vegetation
147
Q

Areas of former wave cut platforms and their beaches which are at a level higher than the present sea level

A
  • Raised beach
148
Q

A hydrological process involving the downward movement of water by infiltration and percolaation causing the replenishment of natural groundwater

A
  • Recharge
149
Q

The age at which women can give birth. Considered usually to be between 15 and 44.

A
  • Reproductive age
150
Q

A newly colonised region where resources have been discovered and are brought into production for the first time

A
  • Resource Frontier
151
Q

This marks the point in time when the maximum production rate of a resource occurs with production declining in subsequent years

A
  • Resource peak
152
Q

Chemicals sprayed onto fires in order to slow them down. They are composed of nitrates, ammonia, phosphates and sulphates and thickening agents.

A
  • Retardants
153
Q

In earthquake prone areas buildings and other structures can be fitted with devices such as shock absorbers and cross bracing to make them more earthquake proof

A
  • Retrofitting
154
Q

Former river valleys drowned by rising sea levels

A
  • Ria
155
Q

This describes the land adjacent to a stream or river. In water conflicts and disputes it is used as a legal term to determine the rights of those living on the banks of a river to access the water.

A
  • Riparian
156
Q

All the water that enters a river channel and eventually flows out of the drainage basin

A
  • Run-off
157
Q

Movement of oceanic crustal plates away from divergent/constructive plate boundaries such as in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean

A
  • Sea floor spreading
158
Q

The build up of salts in soil eventually to toxic levels for plants

A
  • Salinisation
159
Q

A process where sand sized particles are transported by bouncing and hopping along the surface

A
  • Saltation
160
Q

This applies to any water store that has reached its maximum capacity

A
  • Saturated
161
Q

These are the effects that result from the primary impact of the hazard event.

A
  • Secondary effects

Geography A level GENERAL (2 decks)

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