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Autonomous Systems > Glossary N-Z > Flashcards

Glossary N-Z Flashcards

1
Q

Feedback that gets smaller in response to the input, resulting in damping.

A

Negative feedback

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2
Q

Not being able to control all available degrees of freedom (DOF).

A

Non-holonomic

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3
Q

Keeping track/measuring how far one has gone (from the Greek hodos meaning “journey” and metros meaning “measure”).

A

Odometry

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4
Q

The process of improving a solution to a problem by finding a better one.

A

Optimization

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5
Q

The process of looking for multiple solutions in order to select the best one.

A

Optimizing search

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6
Q

Utilizing potential energy in the mechanics of the effector and its interaction with the environment to move the actuator, instead of using active power consumption.

A

Passive actuation

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7
Q

A cell that is sensitive to the amount of light that hits it.

A

Photocell

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8
Q

Elements that are sensitive to the light, such as rods and cones in the biological eye.

A

Photosensitive elements

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9
Q

A basic element of the image on the camera lens, computer, or TV screen.

A

Pixel

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10
Q

The light whose waves travel only in a particular direction, along a particular plane.

A

Polarized light

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11
Q

A filter that lets through only the light waves with a particular direction.

A

Polarizing filter

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12
Q

The area covered by the ground points of a legged object or robot.

A

Polygon of support

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13
Q

The process of sensing the state of one’s own body.

A

Proprioception

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14
Q

Having the learner experience the task directly, through its own sensors.

A

Putting through

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15
Q

A mechanism for detecting and measuring direction of rotation.

A

Quadrature shaft encoding

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16
Q

Systems that do not use any internal representations of the environment, and do not look ahead at the possible outcomes of their actions; they operate on a short time-scale and react to the current sensory information.

A

Reactive systems

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17
Q

A means of controlling robots using a collection of prioritized rules, without the use of persistent state or representation.

A

Reactive control

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18
Q

Robot or actuator that has more ways of control than the degrees of freedom it has to control.

A

Redundant

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19
Q

The form in which information is stored or encoded in the robot.

A

Representation

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20
Q

The process of separating or breaking something into its constituent parts.

A

Resolution

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21
Q

The possible ways in which a body can rotate (turn).

A

Rotational DOF

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22
Q

The process of dividing up or organizing the image into parts that correspond to continuous objects.

A

Segmentation

23
Q

The process of receiving information about the world through sensors.

A

Sensation/ Perception

24
Q

Combining multiple sensors to get better information about the world.

A

Sensor fusion

25
Q

Processingthatcomesbeforeanythingelsecanbedone in terms of using the data to make decisions and/or take action.

A

Sensor preprocessing

26
Q

The problem of going from the output of a sensor to an

intelligent response.

A

Signal to symbol

27
Q

To exist in a complex word and to interact with it.

A

Situated

28
Q

Abstract (not physical) computing machines with particular mathematical properties that interact with their (abstract) environments.

A

Situated automata

29
Q

Application of a mathematical procedure called convolution, which finds and eliminates isolated peaks in the signal/data.

A

Smoothing

30
Q

Ultrasound (from SOund Navigation And Ranging).

A

Sonar

31
Q

All possible values or variations of something.

A

Space

32
Q

The general problem of assigning the credit or blame to actions taken by members of a team.

A

Spatial credit assignment

33
Q

The reflection from the outer surface of the object. The sound wave that travels from the emitter bounces off multiple surfaces in the environment before returning to the detector.

A

Specular reflection

34
Q

The description of a system. A general notion from physics that is borrowed by robotics (and by computer science and AI, among other fields).

A

State

35
Q

The process of estimating the state of a system from measurements.

A

State estimation

36
Q

Consists of all possible states a system can be in.

A

State space

37
Q

Being able to stand without having to perform active control to prevent from falling over.

A

Static stability

38
Q

A robot that can walk while staying balanced at all times.

A

Statically stable walking

39
Q

A set of formal mathematical techniques from statistics and probability applied to neural networks.

A

Statistical neural networks

40
Q

The ability to use the combined points of view from the two eyes or camers to reconstruct three-dimensional solid objects and to per- ceive depth. Formally called binocular stereopsis.

A

Stereo vision

41
Q

An approach to learning in which an external teacher provides the answer or at least tells the robot what it did wrong.

A

Supervised learning

42
Q

Operated from afar (from the Greek tele meaning “far”).

A

Tele-operated

43
Q

The general problem of assigning the credit or

blame to actions taken over time.

A

Temporal credit assignment

44
Q

A sequence of data provided over time.

A

Time series

45
Q

A map represented as a collection of landmarks connected with links.

A

Topological map

46
Q

A computationally complex approach that which involves searching through all possible trajectories and evaluating them, in order to find one that will satisfy the requirements.

A

Trajectory and motion planning

47
Q

A device that transforms one form of energy into another.

A

Transducer

48
Q 
DOF that allows the body to translate, meaning move
without turning (rotation).
A

Translational DOF

49
Q

A statically stable gait in which three legs stay on the ground, forming a tripod, while the other three lift and move.

A

Tripod gait

50
Q

The inability to be certain, to know for sure, about the state of itself and its environment, in order to take absolutely optimal actions at all times.

A

Uncertainty

51
Q

The DOF that are not controllable.

A

Uncontrollable DOF

52
Q

A set of all possible plans for all initial states and all goals
within the state space of a particular system.

A

Universal plan

53
Q

The reflex that keeps the eyes fixed while the head is moving.

A

Vestibular occular reflex (VOR)

Autonomous Systems (1 decks)

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