Glossary A Flashcards
It is the removal of a specific antibody from a mixture of antibody using cell of known specificity
Absoprtion
It is a situation when the ABO forward typing result does not agree with the result in backward typing
ABO Discrepancy
The production of antibody after antigenic exposure or stimulation
Active immunization
Chemical substances added to red cells to extend the shelf life upto 42 days
Additive
Blood bag additive:
AS-1: Adsol: Fenwal Laboratory
AS-2: Nutricel : Medsep Corporation
AS-3: Optisol : Terumo
It is a rare condition characterized by the absence of antibodies
Agammaglobulinemia
The clumping of particulate antigens with the corresponding specific antibody.
Agglutination
*hemagglutination
An alternative form of a gene occupying a give locus
Allele
The process of collecting amniotic fluid
Amniocentesis
The albuminous fluid contained in amniotic sac that provides nutrients to the developing fetus
Amniotic fluid
Referred to as the “silent gene” that does not produce a detectable antigen; an example is the O gene
Amorph
Aka secondary immune response and it also refers to the production of antibody after secondary antigenic exposure
Anamnestic response
A severe hypersensitivity reaction brought about by antibody against IgA seen among IgA deficient patient exposed to IgA antibody
Anaphylaxis
It occurs before birth
Antenatal
Protein substances that are secreted by plasma cells and are produced in response to antigenic stimulation
Antibody/immuniglobulin
Immune antibody against foreign antigen of the same species
Alloantibody
Antibody against own self antigens
Autoantibody
Also known as unexpected antibody, it refers to antibody other than the naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B
Atypical antibody
Isoantibodies referred to as anti-A and anti-B
Naturally occurring antibody
Antibody derived from a single clone of antigen
Monoclonal antibody
Antibody derived from more than one antibody producing plasma cells
Polyclonal antibody
These are reagents used to enhance or speed up antigen antibody reaction
Antibody potentiators
This is used to detect immune antibody other than the natually occurring thru the used of completely phenotypes group O cells
Antibody Screening Test
It is any foreign substance which when introduced to the body stimulates antibody production
Antigen
Describes as the relative ability of a substance to illicit immune response
Antigenic
The table of the phenotyped group “O” cells showing different antigen used to screen and identify immune antibody
Antigram
Aka Coombs serum and it also refers to a secondary antibody directed against human IgG or complement
Antihuman Globulin Reagent (AHG)
Targets either human IgG or complement C3
Monospecific AHG
Targets both IgG and complement C3
Polyspecific AHG
Aka Coomb’s test
Method that uses antibodies directed against human globulins to aid in the detection of RBCs sensitized by IgG alloantibodies, autoantibodies and or conplement components
Antihuman Globulin Test (AGT)
Used to detect “in vivo” cell sensitization
Direct Antiglobulin Test
Used to detect “in vitro” cell sensitization
Indirect Antiglobulin Test
It is a commercially prepared reagent containing antibody with known specificity
Antiserum
Used to describe antigens controlled by a pair of allelic genes
Antithetical
A method of blood collection in which whole blood is withdrawn and processed.
Apheresis
Removal of platelet
Plateletpheresis
Removal of leukocytes
Leukapheresis
Removal of plasma
Plasmapheresis
The process of antibody removal through the use of patients own antigen
Autoabsorption
Aka PS-PR (patient serum-patient red cell), and it refers to testing the patients serum for antibody against his own red cells; employed to detect autoantibody
Autocontrol
The strength of antigen-antibody reaction as influenced by characteristic feature of the antigen and antibody.
Avidity
Biological substances which pose a big threat to the health of living organisms, especially humans.
Biohazards
Antibody with reactivity occuring in two phases
Biphasic hemolysin
This consists of a single bag or an interconnected multiple bags with tubings used in blood donation
Blood bag
Refer to diff cellular and liquid compositions of blood separated by physical means
Blood components
A frozen plasma product that contains all clotting factors; usually administered to patients with clotting factor deficiencies other than hemophilia A, von willebrands disease, and hypofibrinogenemia
Fresh frozen plasma
Red cell component prepared by separating the plasma from a whole blood unit resulting to a hematocrit level of approximately 80%
Packed RBC
Platelets removed from un refrigerated fresh whole blood and stored for transfusion
Platelet concentrate
Platelet concentrate at least 5.5 x10^10 platelets obtained manually by centrifugation.
Random platelet concentrate
A platelet concentrate containing about 3 x 10^11 platelets obtained by apheresis
Single platelet concentrate
A concentrated coagulated Factor VIII and Factor I extracted from fresh frozen plasma
Cryoprecipitate
The blood component which includes prothrombin
Factor concentrate
Erythrocytes that are treated with cryoprotective agent and subsequently kept in a freezing temperature
Frozen red cell
These are erythrocytes that are treated by a solution containing pyruvate, inosine, phosphate and adenine which restores 23DPG and ATP
Rejuvenated Red Cell
The application of physical means such as refrigerated centrifugation to separate the diff cellular and liquid compositions of a whole blood
Blood component preparation
Manual blood component preparation that limits the use of blood and its components within 24 hrs after exposure of the blood to the atmosphere
Open system
Blood component preparation that usually makes the use of the refrigerated centrifuge.
-limits the use of blood and its components to longer period up to the expiration date
-sterile
Closed system
A filter device attached to a blood or blood component unit designed to retain unwanted cells, blood clots or debris
Blood filter
Soluble antigens present in fluids that can be used to neutralize their corresponding antibodies.
BGSS
Blood group specific soluble substances
Blood group systems demonstrate BGSSs are
ABO, Lewis and P
A system of classifying blood based on the presence or absence o inherited antigenic substances on the rbc.
Blood group system
Test used to determine blood group system
Blood typing
It is the determination of red cell antigen through the use of antiserum of known specificity
Aka red cell phenotyping
Forward typing / direct typing / cell typing
The determination of serum or plasma antibodies using cell of known antigenic profile
Backward typing/indirect typing/ serum typing
Device used in warming blood
Blood warmer
It is the failure of an individual to express inherited A or B genes because of the lack of H gene. An individual with this type has a potent anti H in his serum
Designated as O^h
Bombay phenotype
The main soluble protein in the serum of the cattle that is oftentimes used as an enzymatically inert protein or a negative control
Bovine serum albumin
The most preferred method used for crossmatching that includes 3 phases: immediate spin, therophase, AHG phase
Broad spectrum compatibility test
A condition producing two cell populations in an individual
Chimerism
A rare condition characterized by the difficulty of the phagocytic cells to generate superoxide radicals which is needed in killing ingested pathogens. A person with this suffers fro recurrent supperative bacterial and fungal infections
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
These are substances in the plasma involved in clotting process
Coagulation factor
FACTORS
1-13
A sequence of three bases in a DNA strand that provides the genetic code for a specific amino acid
Codon
A batch of tests which includes ABO and Rh grouping, screening of serum for alloantibodies, and crossmatching
Compatibility test
Serologically inactive when mixed
Compatible
Complex of plasma proteins
Complement
Transfusion o specific components rather than whole blood to treat a patient
Component therapy
Antibody-coated cells used to confirm negative results obtained in direct and indirect antihuman globulin tests
Coombs control / checks cells
Blood containing stem cells which are taken from the umbilical cord after childbirth
Cord cells
A computed value used to evaluate effectiveness of platelet transfusion
Corrected count increment
The process of exchange genetic material between 2 homologous pairs of chromosomes.
Crossing over
The testing of patients blood against donors blood
Crossmatch
A type of crossmatch that involves mixing of patients serum and donors rbc
Major crossmatch (PS-DR)
A type of crossmatch that involves mixing of patients red blood cells and donors serumy
Minor crossmatch
A process of mixing the recepients serum with donors rbc and centrifugating immediately.
No agglutination= compatible
Immediate crossmatch
A crossmatch performed by a computer
Computerized crossmatch
A type and screen coupled with immediate spin
Abbreviated crossmatch
Substances that are added to erythrocytes to protect them against the harmful effects of freezing temperature
Cryoprotective agent
Hidden receptors that may be exposed when normal erythrocyte membranes are altered by bacterial or viral enzymes
Cryptantigen
The process of removing glycerol from a unit of RBCs after thawing to return them to normal osmolality
Deglycerolization
Frozen red cell whose glycerol has been removed by several washing
Deglycerolized red cell
A plasma expander that may be used as a substitute for plasma
Dextran
A genetic marker that is present in the child but absent in mother and alleged father
Direct exclusion
A sulfhydryl compound used to break down disulfide bonds of IgM
Dithiotreitol (DTT)
Refers to DiMethyl SulfOxide
A cryprotectant used for hemtopoietic progenitor cells
DMSO
A biphasic IgG specifically directed to anti-P found in patients with Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria (PCH)
Donath-landsteiner antibody
The process of giving blood to a recipient
Donation
Refers to an individual who gives blood in a blood donation
Donor
A donor who gives blood in replace of monetary conpensation
Paid blood donor
Prescreened donor who is in the list of qualified voluntary donors and is fit to donate anytime in the community
Walking blood donor
A phenomenon whereby an antibody reacts more strongly with a rbc showing double dose of antigens than those with single dose
Dosage
Colouring substance
Dye
Anti A dye
Blue dye
Blue dyes
Bromphenol blue
Thymol blue
Patent blue
Yellow dye
Acriflavin
Tartrazine yellow
Product of deliberate manipulation of a red cell suspension to break an immune complex with subsequent release of the antibody
Eluate
Process whereby cells that are coated with antibody are treated in such a manner as to disrupt the bonds between the antigen and antibody
Elution
Substance capable of catalyzing
Enzyme
Proteolytic enzyme obtained from pineapple
Bromelin
Proteolytic enzyme formed in human intestine
Trypsin
Proteolytic enzyme formed in the fig
Ficin
Proteolytic enzyme from papaya
Papain
Immunologic incompatibility between mother and fetus that can produce severe or fatal consequences to the unborn or new born infant due to the destruction of rbcs
Aka Hyrops fetalis
Erythroblastosis fetalis (HDN)
The replacement of an infants coated RBCs with donor blood until one or two total blood volumes are accomplished
Exchange transfusion
The activity where a person is likely to get foreign substance
Either blood transfusion or pregnancy
Exposure
A transfusion reaction caused by leukoagglutinins characterized by fever
Febrile reaction
Transplacental passage of fetal blood into the circulation of the maternal organism
Fetomaternal hemorrhage
Filamentous clot formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen
Fibrin
Aka plasmin
A substance that has the ability to dissolve fibrin
Fibrinolysin
Process of dissolving fibrin
Fibrinolysis
A type of large glycoprotein that is found on the surface of cells and mediates cellular adhesion
Fibronectin
One of the five types of immunoglobin known to be involved in immunity
Produced during the secon immune reaponse
Gamma globulin
A unit of inheritance within a chromosome
Gene
A term used to describe a pair of genes in which neither is dominant over the other; both are expressed
Codominant
A term used to describe a gene that does not appear to produce a detectable antigen
Amorphic
A term used to describe one of two or more different genes that may occupy a specific locus on a chromosome
Allelic
Gene that is expressed
Dominant
Gene that is not expressed
Recessive
Gene that produces a repressor substance that inhibits an operator gene
Regulatory
Gene that suppresses the phenotypic expression of another gene (spec. Mutant gene)
Supressor
The specific place on a chromosome where a gene is located
Gene locus
The situation in which A gene on one chromosome of a homologous pair affects the actions of a related gene on the same chromosome
Cis position
A person’s actual genetic make up
Genotype
The genetic state of having two similar genes for the same trait
Homozygous
The genetic state of having two dissimilar genes for the same trait
Heterozygous
A cryoprotective agent
Glycerol
The process of adding glycerol to rbc to prevent hemolysis of erythrocytes while freezing
Glycerolization
A carbohydrate attached lipid
Glycolipid
Any of several related proteins that can project through the thickness of the cell membrane of erythrocytes
Glycophorin
A molecule that consists of a carbohydrate plus protein
Glycoproteins
Sphingolipid containing the sugar glucose or galactose
Glycosphingolipid
An enzyme needed to attach a specific sugar molecule to predetermined acceptor molecule
Glycosyl transferase
An intense and frequently fatal immunologic reaction of engrafted cells against the host caused by the infection of immunocompetent lymphocytes into individuals with impaired immunity
Graft vs Host disease (GVHD)
Condition characterized by markedly decreased leukocytes in the blood
Granulocytopenia
Genes that are close o the chromosome and inherited together by an individual
Haplotype
A very small substance to stimulate antibody production without attaching to a larger molecule
Hapten
A plasma protein which binds to hemoglobin following intravascular hemolysis
Haptoglobin
An increase in volume of blood plasma resulting to reduced concentration of red blood cells
Hemodilution
The destruction of rbcs with subsequent release of hemoglobin
Hemolysis
The destruction of red blood cells outside the blood vessel; antibody coated rbc are removed from circulation by the liver and spleen
Extravascular
Destrction of rbc within the blood vessel
Intravascular
A severe condition characterized by low RBC count resulting from destruction of circulating erythrocytes
Hemolytic anemia
A condition in which a patient has shorted rbc survival associated with hemolysis mediated by humoral anti body
Immune hemolytic anemia
Refers to the continuous rbc destrction resulting to anemia due to the presence of autoantibodies directed against the patients own rbc
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
The rbc destruction due to drug induced production of an autoantibody that recognizes rbc antigens
Drug induced hemolytic anemia
The rbc destruction due to the presence of alloantibodies to foreign red cell antigens introduced to the circulation through transfusion or pregnancy
Alloimmune hemolytic anemia
Bleeding disorder due to deficiency of a particular coagulation factor
Hemophilia
Sex linked recessive trait due to factor VIII deficiency; most commonly affected are males
Hemophilia A
Also known as Christmas disease, these sex linked disorder is due to the absence of factor IX
Hemophilia B
These are antibodies characterized as weak and can be diluted to high titer despite tue weak reaction strengths.
High Titer Low Avidity (HTLA)
The situation in which A gene on one chromosome of a homologous pair affects the actions of a related gene on another homologue
Trans-position
