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HSC Biology > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

Alleles

A

alternative forms of a gene.

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2
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only

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3
Q

Binary fission

A

(“division in half”) is a kind of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as bacteria. It occurs in some single-celled Eukaryotes like the Amoeba and the Paramoecium.

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4
Q

Budding

A

a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site. The bulb like projection coming out from the yeast cell is called a bud.

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5
Q

Carrier

A

a heterozygous individual not expressing a recessive trait but capable of passing it on to its offspring

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6
Q

Centromere

A

The replicated arms of the chromosome are held together by this structure.

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7
Q

Cervix

A

elongate inferior end of the uterus where it connects to the vagina

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8
Q

Chromosome

A

structures within the nucleus made of DNA that contain all the genetic information of an organism

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9
Q

Chromatids

A

one of the two halves of a duplicated chromosome

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10
Q

Cloning

A

a cell, cell product, or organism that is genetically identical to the unit or individual from which it was derived.

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11
Q

Corpus luteum

A

transformed follicle after ovulation that secretes progesterone

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12
Q

Diploid

A

Having two sets of chromosomes or double the haploid number of chromosomes. with One member of each chromosome pair comes from the ovum and one from the sperm.

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13
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

The chemical compound that makes up genes within chromosomes and is the basic material of heredity. Two chains of nucleotides twist around each other to form a double helix.

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14
Q

Dominant allele

A

an allele that is always expressed when present, regardless of whether the organism is homozygous or heterozygous for that gene.

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15
Q

Endometrium

A

inner lining of the uterus, part of which builds up during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and then sheds with menses

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16
Q

Epididymis

A

(plural = epididymides) coiled tubular structure in which sperm start to mature and are stored until ejaculation

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17
Q

External fertilisation

A

sperm fertilises egg outside female body.

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18
Q

Fragmentation

A

a form of asexual reproduction in which an organism is split into fragments. Each of these fragments develop into matured, fully grown individuals that are identical to their parents.

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19
Q

Internal fertilisation

A

sperm inserted into female body

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20
Q

Gamete

A

a haploid (n) sex cell in plants and animals (egg or sperm)

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21
Q

Gene

A

a discrete unit of hereditary information that usually specifies a protein; a region of DNA (locus) located on a chromosome that specifies a trait (characteristic).

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22
Q

Gene pool

A

all the genes in a population.

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23
Q

Genetics

A

The study of genes and inheritance patterns

24
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic make-up of an individual. Eg Bb

25
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

hormone released by the hypothalamus that regulates the production of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland

26
Q

Haploid

A

one set of chromosomes per cell (n) found in the sex cells (23 in humans)

27
Q

Heterozygous

A

possessing a pair of unlike alleles for a particular gene.

28
Q

Homozygous

A

possessing a pair of identical alleles for a particular gene.

29
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes that are similar in shape and form and the genes they consist of. One set comes from the father and the other from the mother.

30
Q

Inheritance

A

The transmission of genetic information from a parent to a child

31
Q

Meiosis

A

The special cell division which only takes place in the sex cells of females and males, resulting in egg and sperm cells that contain 23 chromosomes (the haploid number). ‘Daughter’ cells not identical to parent cells.

32
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

approximately 28-day cycle of changes in the uterus consisting of a menses phase, a proliferative phase, and a secretory phase

33
Q

Mitosis

A

The process of cell division in body cells. Mitosis results in ‘daughter’ cells which are genetically identical to the parent cells.

34
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent, heritable change in the base sequence in a gene or a chromosome

35
Q

Oocyte

A

cell that results from the division of the oogonium and undergoes meiosis I at the LH surge and meiosis II at fertilization to become a haploid ovum

36
Q

Oogenesis

A

process by which oogonia divide by mitosis to primary oocytes, which undergo meiosis to produce the secondary oocyte and, upon fertilization, the ovum

37
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

approximately 28-day cycle of changes in the ovary consisting of a follicular phase and a luteal phase

38
Q

Ovaries

A

female gonads that produce oocytes and sex steroid hormones (notably estrogen and progesterone)

39
Q

Ovulation

A

release of a secondary oocyte and associated granulosa cells from an ovary

40
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

reproduction from an ovum without fertilization, especially as a normal process in some invertebrates and lower plants

41
Q

Penis

A

male organ of copulation

42
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical or chemical expression of an organism’s genes. Eg Brown eyes

43
Q

Polar body

A

smaller cell produced during the process of meiosis in oogenesis

44
Q

Prostate gland

A

doughnut-shaped gland at the base of the bladder surrounding the urethra and contributing fluid to semen during ejaculation, scrotum external pouch of skin and muscle that houses the testes

45
Q

Recessive allele

A

an allele that is only expressed when the organism is homozygous for that allele and not expressed when heterozygous (when paired with a dominant allele).

46
Q

Semen

A

ejaculatory fluid composed of sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

47
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

gland that produces seminal fluid, which contributes to semen

48
Q

Selective Breeding

A

The intentional breeding of organisms with desirable trait in an attempt to produce offspring with similar desirable characteristics or with improved traits.

49
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

tube structures within the testes where spermatogenesis occurs

50
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes).

51
Q

SNPS

A

Single nucleotide polymorphisms, frequently called SNPs (pronounced “snips”), are the most common type of genetic variation among people. Each SNP represents a difference in a single nucleotide

52
Q

Sperm

A

(also, spermatozoon) male gamete

53
Q

Spores

A

a reproductive cell capable of developing into a new individual without fusion with another reproductive cell. Spores are produced by bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants.

54
Q

Testes

A

(singular = testis) male gonads

55
Q

Uterus

A

muscular hollow organ in which a fertilized egg develops into a fetus

56
Q

Vagina

A

tunnel-like organ that provides access to the uterus for the insertion of semen and from the uterus

57
Q

Zygote

A

diploid (2n) cell resulting from the union of two gametes in sexual reproduction

HSC Biology (4 decks)

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