Glossary Flashcards
Cultural norm
A set of rules based on socially or culturally shared beliefs of how an individual ought to behave to be accepted within that group
Surface culture
Easily seen differences between cultures e.g. food, music, clothing
Acculturation
The process by which someone comes into contact with another culture and begins to adopt the norms and behaviors of that culture
Enculturation
The process of adopting or internalizing the schemas of your culture
Etic approach (deductive)
A term used in anthropology to describe research which is planned before arriving at the field. Like structured field work.
Emic approach (inductive)
A term used in anthropology to describe research develops questions whilst spending time within the different culture. Like unstructured field work.
Dynamic
A characteristic of culture. Changes over time by acculturation, in response to the environment and society
Social identity theory
A theory that the minimal condition for in-group bias is the categorization of groups, identification, comparison, and self-esteem
Cultural dimension(s)
How the values of a society affect behavior. Each describes the trends of behavior in a given culture which reflect the values of that culture
Tajfel
Tested the minimal group paradigm using UK schoolboys who allocated points using matrices
Self-Identity
A person’s image of themselves, which includes social identity
Confirmation bias
When people tend to seek out or remember information that supports their currently held beliefs or expectations - and ignore information that contradicts these beliefs (serving our own self-esteem)
Illusory correlation
People perceive a relationship between two variables even when there is none
In-group bias
Favoring your own group
Integration
When there is an interest in adopting the behaviors and values of a new culture, while still maintaining one’s original culture
Marginalization
When it is not really possible to maintain one’s original culture, but because of exclusion or discrimination, it is not possible to assimilate into a new culture
Normative social influence
When a person conforms to be liked or accepted by members of a group
Stereotype
Social perception of an individual in terms of group membership or physical attributes
Stereotype threat
When worry about conforming to a negative stereotype leads to underperformance on a test or other task by a member of the stereotyped group
Vicarious reinforcement
Our tendency to repeat or imitate behaviors for which others are being rewarded
Social identity
A person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership(s)
Hamilton and Gifford
Investigated the illusory correlation explanation of why minority groups become falsely stereotyped
Steele and Aronson
Investigated threat as being a consequence of being stereotyped
Sherif et al.
Conducted research about two groups of boys competing in a summer camp. Shows competition for resources can lead to conflict and can support SIT
Bandura, Ross, and Ross
Conducted the Bobo doll experiment which supports SCT
Charlton et. al
Conducted a natural study which investigated the effects of TV on social learning and found results which contrast with Bandura’s
Social cognitive theory
The influence of individual experiences, the actions of others, and environmental factors on individual health behaviors. Started with Social Learning theory and there are 4 stages.
Self-efficacy
One’s belief in one’s ability to succeed in accomplishing a task
Role model
Respected/liked people who are more likely to be learned from
Yuki
Found that SIT was less relevant in collectivist cultures due to the complexity of in-group (intragroup) interaction in this type of culture
Berry
Used a variation of Asch’s line study to test the effect of culture on conformity
Flashbulb memory
A vivid, enduring memory associated with a personally significant and emotional event
Kulkofsky
Conducted research to shows differences in FBM in individualistic and collectivistic cultures
Individualistic culture
A society characterized by the prioritization or emphasis of the individual over the entire group. Value freedom and independence
Collectivistic culture
Based on valuing the needs of a group or a community over the individual. Kinship, family, and community are extremely important. People tend to work together to create harmony and group cohesion is extremely valued
Deep culture
More cognitive elements of a culture e.g. gender roles, assumptions, beliefs and values, concepts of social identity and the self
Ethnocentric
Culturally biased
Salient
Most noticeable or important
Cognitive bias
Having biases in our thinking e.g. a comedian may not appear funny if they go on stage after a more hilarious comedian
Cognitive misers
Using a mental shortcut – this is known as a heuristic. By this we mean the person expends little energy and time in making their decision.
Heuristic
Any approach to problem solving or self-discovery that employs a practical method, not guaranteed to be optimal, perfect, or rational, but instead sufficient for reaching an immediate goal
Grain of truth hypothesis
One experience with an individual (meeting a girl who is bad at math) causes that conclusion to be generalized to a group (all girls are bad at math). This means that stereotypes are based, loosely, on reality.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
One is “predicting” or expecting something, and this “prediction” or expectation comes true simply because one believes it will, and their resulting behaviors align to fulfill those beliefs.
Berry
Conducted research on levels of conformity of Temne, Inuits, and Scots to investigate the effects of an individualistic or collectivistic culture on behavior and cognition
Odden and Rochat
Conducted research about how Samoan boys learn fishing from adults (enculturation)
Fagot
Conducted a natural experiment on the influence of the sex of a child on parental reactions to toddler children’s behavior
Acculturative stress
Distress caused when dominant and non-dominant cultures do not share the same preferences for acculturation strategy
Assimilation
When individuals do not wish to maintain their own culture and seek daily interactions with people from the dominant culture
Separation
When individuals maintain their own culture and do not wish to integrate
Lueck and Wilson
Conducted research on acculturative stress in Asian immigrants
Miranda and Matheny
Conducted research on acculturative stress in Latino adults
Laboratory experiment
A highly controlled experiment with one clear IV and DV
Field experiment
An experiment conducted in a real-life environment but the researcher still manipulates an IV
Natural experiment
An experiment conducted in a real-life environment but the researcher does not manipulate an IV because it is naturally occurring
Quasi experiment
An experiment where participants are grouped based on a certain characteristic and then randomly assigned to a condition
Correlations
A research method that looks for a relationship between co-variables
Naturalistic observations
Observations of naturally occurring behavior in a natural setting
Interviews
A research method used to gather qualitative data from a representative sample through asking them questions (can be unstructured, semi-structured or focus group)
Questionnaires
A research method that uses self-report to gather data from participants
