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9. PSYCHIATRY > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Abstract thinking

A

characterised almost exclusively by cognitive abstractations, rather than immediate sensory experience

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2
Q

Acrophobia

A

Fear of heights

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3
Q

Affect

A

Pattern of observable behaviours which is the expression of a subjectively experienced feeling state (emotion) and is variable over time in response to changing emotional states

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4
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of being in places or situations in which escape might be difficult or embarrassing, or in which help may not be available should a panic attach occur

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5
Q

Alexithymic

A

Relatively undifferentiated emotions (unable to identify or express emotion), and thinking tends to dwell excessively on the mundane. Detached, and may seem to dissociate.

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6
Q

Anhedonic

A

Inability to enjoy anything, even things once enjoyed

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7
Q

Anosognosia

A

Ignorance of presence of disease, specifically paralysis

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8
Q

Astereognosia

A

Inability to recognise common objects by touch

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9
Q

Autistic thinking

A

Abnormal absorption with the self, marked by interpersonal communication difficulties, a short attention span, and inability to treat others as people

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10
Q

Automatism

A

Refers to activity performed without conscious awareness, and usually followed by complete amnesia

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11
Q

Autotopagnosia

A

Condition where one cannot identify or describe their own body parts, individuals can dress themselves appropriately and use their body normally, but they cannot talk about their bodies

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12
Q

BAC

A

Blood alcohol concentration

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13
Q

Bizarre delusion

A

Delusion that involves a phenomenon that the person’s culture would regard as totally implausible

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14
Q

Blocking

A

Repeated and abrupt halt to speech as a result of losing one’s train of thought

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15
Q

Catalepsy

A

Trancelike state with loss of voluntary motion and failure to react to stimuli

Wiki: nervous condition characterised by muscular rigidity and fixity of posture regardless of external stimuli, as well as decreased sensitivity to pain. Symptoms include: rigid body, rigid limbs, limbs staying in same position when moved (waxy flexibility), no response, loss of muscle control, and slowing down of bodily functions, such as breathing. Symptom of conditions such as Parkinson’s + epilepsy. Also a characteristic symptom of cocaine withdrawal, as well as one of the features of catatonia. It can be caused by schizophrenia treatment with anti-psychotics such as haloperidol and by ketamine.

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16
Q

Cataplexy

A

sudden, dramatic decrement in muscle tone + loss of deep reflexes that leads to muscle weakness, paralysis or postural collapse, usually caused by outburst of emotion, laughter, startle or sudden physical exercise – one of symptoms of narcolepsy.

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17
Q

Cerea Flexibilitas

A

Waxy flexibility in which a limb remains where placed, often seen in catatonia

Wiki: waxy flexibility is a psychomotor symptom of catatonia as associated with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or other mental disorders - leads to a decreased response to stimuli and a tendency to remain in an immobile posture. Attempts to reposition the pt are met by “slight, even resistance”, and after being repositioned, the patient will typically remain in the new position. Waxy flexibility rarely occurs in cases of delirium. The presence of waxy flexibility along with at least two other catatonic symptoms such as stupor or negativism are enough to warrant a diagnosis of catatonia.

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18
Q

Circumstantiality

A

Slowed thinking incorporating unnecessary trivial details, eventually the goal of the thought is reached

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19
Q

Clang association

A

Speech in which words are chosen because of their sounds rather than their meanings

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20
Q

Claustrophobia

A

Feat of being trapped in confined spaces

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21
Q

Coma vigil

A

Awake, but without conscious awareness - vegetative state where can open eyelids occasionally and demonstrate sleep-wake cycles, also completely lack cognitive function

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22
Q

Compulsion catatonia

A

Muscular rigidity, tendency to remain in a fixed stupurous state for long periods, catatonia may give way to short periods of extreme excitement

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23
Q

Concrete thinking

A

Thinking characterised almost exclusively by immediate sensory experience, rather than cognitive abstractions

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24
Q

Condensation

A

Speech in which 2 or more separate concepts are not differentiated

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25
Q

Confabulation

A

Plausible but imagined memory that fills in gaps in what is remembered

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26
Q

Control Delusion

A

Belief that one’s thoughts or actions were under some outside control

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27
Q

Deja entendu

A

Subjectively inappropriate impression of familiarity of something just heard with an undefined memory of same

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28
Q

Deja pense

A

Subjectively inappropriate impression of familiarity of something just thought with an undefined memory of same

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29
Q

Deja vu

A

Subjectively inappropriate impression of a present experience with an undefined past

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30
Q

Depersonalisation

A

Loss of contact with one’s personal reality, detachment from self

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31
Q

Derailment

A

Pattern of speech in which a person’s ideas slip off one track onto another that is completely unrelated

(loose associations, knights move)

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32
Q

Derealisation

A

Feelings of unreality of strangeness

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33
Q

Dereism

A

Loss of connection with reality and logic, where thoughts become private and idiosyncratic (odd or peculiar)

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34
Q

Dysarthria

A

Difficulty producing speech

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35
Q

Dysphoric

A

Feeling unwell or unhappy

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36
Q

Dysprodosy

A

Speech impairment characterised by loss of control of intonation and rhythm

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37
Q

Echolalia

A

Repetition or echoing of verbal utterances made by another person

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38
Q

Echopraxia

A

Involuntarily imitation, the movements of another. Also known as echomotism

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39
Q

Ecstatic

A

Sensation of being carried away by overwhelming delight

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40
Q

Egomania

A

Preoccupation with oneself

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41
Q

Eidetic images

A

Ability to retain accurate, detailed visual image of complex scene or pattern (photographic memory)

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42
Q

Erotomania

A

Excessive sexual desire or exaggerated beliefs in one’s sexual conquests or ability

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43
Q

Euphoric

A

Exaggerated feeling of wellbeing or elation

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44
Q

Euthymic

A

Mood in normal range, neither depressed or elevated

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45
Q

Fausse reconnaissance

A

Delusional (false) recognition of persons or places

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46
Q

Flight of ideas

A

Speech consists of a stream of accelerated thoughts with abrupt changes from topic to topic and no central direction

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47
Q

Folie a deux

A

Sharing of a fantasy by two closely associated friends

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48
Q

Formal thought disorder

A

Disturbance in the form of thinking rather than an abnormality of content

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49
Q

Fugue

A

Condition in which an individual suddenly abandons a present activity of lifestyle and starts a new and different one for a period of time

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50
Q

Garrulous

A

Given to excessive and often trivial or rambling talk, tiresomely talkative

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51
Q

Global aphasia

A

Loss of all ability to communicate

52
Q

Glossolalia

A

Fabricated, meaningless speech

53
Q

Gustatory hallucination

A

Hallucination of taste

54
Q

Halitosis

A

Bad breath

55
Q

Hallucinosis

A

Mental state in which person has continuous hallucinations

56
Q

Hypermnesia

A

Extreme power of memory, capacity for immediate registration and precise recall of much more detail than is thought possible under ordinary circumstances

57
Q

Hypnagogic Hallucination

A

Threatening hallucinations at the moment of falling asleep

58
Q

Hypnopompic Hallucination

A

Threatening hallucinations at moment of waking

59
Q

Hypochondria

A

Abnormal anxiety about one’s health, persistent neurotic conviction that one is or is likely to become ill

60
Q

Hysterical anaesthesia

A

Sensory loss due to a mental state

61
Q

Infidelity Delusion

A

Belief that one’s partner is sexually unfaithful

62
Q

Jamais vu

A

Experience of being unfamiliar with a person or situation that is actually very familiar

63
Q

Jargon aphasia

A

Incoherent, meaningless speech

64
Q

Labile

A

Repeated and rapid shifts from one extreme to another

65
Q

Lilliputian hallucination

A

Hallucination that people or objects are smaller than they are

66
Q

Loosening

A

Speech characterised by slipping from one train of thought to another, loosely related train of thought

67
Q

Macropsia

A

Seeing everything in field of view as larger than it really is

68
Q

Magical thinking

A

Belief that one’s thoughts, words or actions will cause or prevent a specific outcome in some way that defies commonly understood laws of nature

69
Q

Micropsia

A

Seeing everything in the field of view as smaller than it really is

70
Q

Monomania

A

Preoccupation with a single object

71
Q

Mood-congruent hallucination

A

Hallucination where content is mood appropriate

72
Q

Mood-incongruent hallucinations

A

Hallucination in which content is not mood appropriate

73
Q

Motor aphasia

A

Condition in which expression by speech or writing is severely impaired

74
Q

Multiple personality

A

2 or more distinct personalities alternately prevail in the same person

75
Q

Mutism

A

Unable or unwilling to speak

76
Q

Negativism

A

Opposition or resistance, either covert or overt, to outside suggestions or advise

77
Q

Neologism

A

Newly made up word, or an everyday word used in an idiosyncractic way

78
Q

Nihilistic delusion

A

Delusion of non-existence of the self, or part of the self

79
Q

Noesis

A

Belief that one has a divine calling

80
Q

Obsession

A

A recurrent and persistent thought, impulse or image

81
Q

Overvalued idea

A

Unreasonable and sustained belief that is maintained with less than delusional intensity

82
Q

Paramnesia

A

False recollection of events that have never occurred

83
Q

Preservation

A

Mental operations carry on past the point that they serve a function

e.g. what day is it? Monday, what time is Monday?

84
Q

Poverty of content

A

Speech that conveys little information because it is vague or baron

85
Q

Poverty of speech

A

Less speech than normal

86
Q

Poverty of thought

A

Speech that conveys little information because of vagueness, empty repetitions, or stereo-typed or obscure phrases

87
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognise familiar faces, although they react physiologically as if they do recognise the person

88
Q

Pseudodementia

A

Severe form of depression in which cognitive changes mimic those of dementia

89
Q

Pseudologia fantastica

A

Grossly exaggerating medical symptoms or personal details

90
Q

Psychomotor agitation

A

Describes a morbid increase in action or movement presumed to result from psychic rather than physical (organic) disturbance

91
Q

Reality testing

A

Lack of ability to evaluate the external world objectively and to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world

92
Q

Referntial delusion

A

Delusion centred on the idea that events, objects, or other persons in environment have a particular and unusual significance

93
Q

Retrospective falsification

A

Person changes the reporting of past events, or now has only selective memory of what was more fully remembered previously

94
Q

Sensory aphasia

A

Condition characterised by fluent but meaningless speech and severe impairment of the ability to understand spoken or written words

95
Q

Somatic delusion

A

Delusion whose main content pertains to the appearance or functioning of one’s own body

96
Q

Somatic hallucation

A

Hallucination involving the sensation of being strangled, feeling that insects are crawling beneath the skin, or feelings of sexual stimulation

97
Q

Somnolence

A

Very sleepy state

98
Q

Synesthesia hallucinations

A

Hallucination of a sense other than the one being stimulated e.g. a sound may evoke sensations of colour

99
Q

Syntactical aphasia

A

Difficulty in arranging words in their correct sequence

100
Q

Systematised delusion

A

Single false belief with multiple elaborations or a group of false beliefs that the person relates to a single event or theme

101
Q

Taciturn hallucination

A

Hallucination of touch

102
Q

Tactiturn

A

Habitually untalktative

103
Q

Tangentiality

A

Replying to a question in an oblique or irrelevant way

104
Q

Thought broadcasting

A

Belief that one’s thoughts are being broadcast out loud so that they can be perceived by others

105
Q

Thought insertion

A

Belief that certain of one’s thoughts are not one’s own, but are inserted into one’s mind

106
Q

Thought withdrawal

A

Belief that one would like to think a thought, but someone or something has removed the thought

107
Q

Tic

A

Part of the body moves repeatedly, quickly, suddenly, and uncontrollably

108
Q

Trailing hallucinations

A

Hallucination that moving objects are seen as series of discrete discontinuous images

109
Q

Trend of thought

A

Thinking with a tendency toward or centring on a particular idea with a particular effect

110
Q

Unio mystica

A

Belief that one has a unity or union by secret rites, more generally, the unity or union in the spirit of an individual with that of the Supreme Being or some other superior or leader

111
Q

Verbigerative

A

Involuntary repeating of certain words and/or phrases

112
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Inability to recognise common objects by sight

113
Q

Voluble

A

Dominates conversation with a ready flow of speech

114
Q

Word salad

A

Speech that is an incoherent and incomprehensible mix of words and phrases

115
Q

Xenophobia

A

Fear of strangers or foreigners

116
Q

Zoophobia

A

Fear of animals

117
Q

Egosyntonic

A

Behaviours, values, and feelings that are in harmony with or acceptable to the needs and goals of the ego, or consistent with one’s ideal self-image

Obsessive compulsive personality disorder is egosyntonic, as the patient generally perceives their obsession with orderliness, perfectionism, and control, as reasonable and even desirable.

118
Q

Egodystonic

A

thoughts and behaviours (dreams, compulsions, desires, etc.) that are in conflict, or dissonant, with the needs and goals of the ego, or, further, in conflict with a person’s ideal self-image

OCD is considered to be egodystonic as the thoughts and compulsions experienced or expressed are not consistent with the individual’s self-perception, meaning the patient realises the obsessions are unreasonable and are often distressed by their obsessions.

119
Q

Most common thought form disorders

A

Circumstantiality, derailment, flight of ideas, illogicality, incoherence, loose associations, perseveration, tangentiality.

120
Q

Most common thought content disorders

A

Delusions of various types (e.g. persecutory, grandiose, referential).

Derealisation and depersonalisation are another type of abnormal thought content that refer to dissociative experiences.[10]

Intrusive thoughts also are examples of altered thought content. The patient experience involuntary obsessional thoughts, images, or unpleasant ideas that are egodystonic.

121
Q

Akathisia

A

Akathisia is a sense of inner restlessness and inability to keep still

This is a typical history of akathisia- long history of anti-psychotic use (due to schizophrenia), with a sense of restlessness and inability to sit still.

extra-pyramidal side effect of antipsychotics

122
Q

Acute dystonia

A

Acute dystonia is typically spasm of facial muscles

e.g. torticollis - wry neck
oculogyric crisis - prolonged upward deviation of eyes

extra-pyramidal side effect of antipsychotics

123
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

abnormal involuntary movements like licking lips

extra-pyramidal side effect of antipsychotics

124
Q

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

A

Potentially fatal side effect of all antipsychotics

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome would be rare in someone who is long established on anti-psychotics but would present with hyperthermia and muscle rigidity.

125
Q

Thought echo

A

A form of auditory hallucination, associated with schizophrenia, in which the patient hears his/her thoughts spoken aloud.

9. PSYCHIATRY (10 decks)

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