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Animal diversity > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Synapomorphies

A

Characters that join species together in a clade

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2
Q

Clade

A

Group that includes ALL descendents of a common ancestor

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3
Q

Homologous

A

shared ancestry between a pair of structures

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4
Q

Analagous

A

organs have similar function that were not present in the last common ancestor but rather evolved separately

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5
Q

Phylogeny

A

each taxon must have common descent, thus based on similarities and differences in physical or genetic characteristics

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6
Q

Protists

A

is a general term that acknowledges the futility of placing unicellular eukaryotes in the plant or animal kingdoms

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7
Q

Diploblastic

A

having two embryonic cell layers, ectoderm and endoderm but no mesoderm

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8
Q

Triploblastic

A

having 3 embryonic cell layers, ectoderm and endoderm and mesoderm, which originates from the endoderm

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9
Q

Monophyletic

A

in a clade, all the animals consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants
monoecious

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10
Q

Metamerism

A

Condition of being composed of serially repeated parts (metameres/segments)

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11
Q

Hydrostatic Skeleton

A

Body-cavity fluids confined by the body wall give support but, at the same time, the body remains flexible. Body-wall muscles act on incompressible fluid and facilitate movement.

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12
Q

Parapodia

A

each of a number of paired muscular bristle-bearing appendages used in locomotion, sensation, or respiration

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13
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Jawed vertebrate

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14
Q

Ostracoderms

A

heavily armoured, jawless fish

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15
Q

Cephalisation

A

concentration of sense organs into a head

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16
Q

Animal definition

A

heterotrophic multicellular eukaryote without cell walls often with specific tissues, sexual reproduction and usually developing via cleavage, blastula and gastrulation, leading either directly to an adult or indirectly through metamorphosis

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17
Q

Polymorphic

A

structure and function of two different types of individuals within the same organism

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18
Q

Gastrulation

A

is the phase in embryotic development where the single layer blastula turns into 3 layers, with a ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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19
Q

Sessile

A

fixed in one place

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20
Q

Osculum

A

= is where the water is pushed out in porifera

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21
Q

Ostium

A

water comes in

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22
Q

Spicule

A

form the skeleton for the sponge

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23
Q

Spongocoel

A

water enters here though the pores and then exits through the osculum

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24
Q

Choanocyte

A

pushed the water out with its flagella

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25
Q

Asconoid

A

vase/pipe-shaped

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26
Q

Syconoid

A

vase with folded walls

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27
Q

Leuconoid

A

many chambers (majority of sponges)

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28
Q

Zooxanthellae

A

lives in a symbiotic relationship with cnidarians providing much of the photosynthesis outputs to the organism

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29
Q

Nematocysts

A

pressurised chambers ready to fire a harpoon-like poisonous thread with cnidarian

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30
Q

protonephridia

A

ciliated tubules removing waste from Platyhelminths

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31
Q

Hemocoel

A

primary body cavity of most invertebrates, containing circulatory fluid

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32
Q

Acoelomate

A

don’t have a Coelom

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33
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

don’t have a Coelom, looks like they do but they dont

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34
Q

Coelomate

A

animal that has a coelom

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35
Q

Coelom

A

a body cavity that is positioned to surround and contain digestive tract and other organs

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36
Q

Spiral Cleavage

A

arrangement of the blastomeres on an upper tier and lower tier

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37
Q

Dioecious

A

having male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals

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38
Q

Monoecious

A

having both male and female reproductive organs in the same individuals

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39
Q

Lophophore

A

a feeding structure which is a crest of ciliated tentacles

40
Q

Trochophore

A

a small sphere looking type of larva

41
Q

Veliger

A

a planktonic larva for bivalve mollusca and sea snails and fresh water snails

42
Q

Metanephrida

A

an excretory gland found in annelids, mollusca and arthopods

43
Q

Protosome

A

Blastopore becomes mouth, Cleavage patterns: Eight-cell phase is determinable, Top half of cells will turn into top half of animal, Bottom half of animal will turn into bottom half of animal

44
Q

Deutersome

A

Blastopore becomes anus, Cleavage patterns: Eight cell stage is undetermined: Meaning that the fate of the cells have not been determined thus why we can have twins

45
Q

Zooids

A

an animal arising from another by budding or division, especially each of the individuals which make up a colonial organism and typically have different forms and functions

46
Q

Visceral mass

A

occurs in molluscs and is another word for coelom, as Visceral mass consists of the area where the digestive, excretory, reproductive and respiration systems are

47
Q

Ctenidia

A

gills for molluscs

48
Q

Neodermata

A

parasitic lifestyle for platyhelths

49
Q

Ectocochleate

A

shell outside of body

50
Q

Endocochleate

A

shell inside of body

51
Q

Prostomium

A

Contains sense organs in annelids

52
Q

Segmented trunk

A

Serially repetitive, First segment is peristomium

53
Q

Pygidium

A

Segment with anus

54
Q

Setae (Chaetae)

A

small chitinous bristles which project from the body of annelids, may sometimes be on the end of parapodia

55
Q

Nephrostome

A

Tube runs length of blood vessels, allows exchange of nutrients/waste with blood, Final waste excreted through nephridiopore or nephrostome

56
Q

Ecdysis

A

process of moulting

57
Q

Hemolypth

A

Arthropoda blood

58
Q

Biramous

A

appendages with 2 branches and associated with Crustaceans and trilobites

59
Q

Uniramous

A

= appendages with 1 branch, associated with Hexapods, Chelicerates and Myriapods

60
Q

Chelicerae

A

the first pair of appendages in the front of the mouth acting like claws

61
Q

Pedipalp

A

the second pair of appendages on a Chelicerates

62
Q

Cephalothorax

A

head and thorax combined

63
Q

Prosoma

A

a cephalothorax on a chelicerate

64
Q

Opisthosoma

A

abdomen of a chelicerate

65
Q

Chela

A

a pincer-like-claw on an arachnid or crustacean

66
Q

Antennule

A

small feeler

67
Q

Antenna

A

long feeler

68
Q

Rostrum

A

a beak-like projection, a prolongation of the head

69
Q

Telson

A

the last segment in the abdomen or a terminal appendage to it

70
Q

Uropod

A

= the sixth and last pair of abdominal appendages, forming part of the tail fan

71
Q

Pereopods

A

5 sets of swimming limbs attached to the Cephalothorax

72
Q

Pleopods

A

5 sets of swimming limbs attached to the abdomen

73
Q

Carapace

A

= the covering of the thoracic and abdominal somites

74
Q

Hemimetabolous

A

having no pupal stage in the transition from larva to adult

75
Q

Holometabolous

A

having a pupal stage in the transition from larva to adult

76
Q

Cryptobiosis

A

formation of a slow metabolic, dessicated, resting stage, called a “tun”

77
Q

Asexual budding

A

new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site

78
Q

Ampulla

A

controls the ability for the extension and retraction of the tube feet by water pressure

79
Q

Ossicle

A

small calcareous elements which makes up the support structure of a sea star

80
Q

Aristotle’s lantern

A

= feeding structure for the class Echinoidea (Sea urchins)

81
Q

Polyphyodonty

A

an animal whose teeth are continually replaced

82
Q

Altricial young

A

young which are not able to move around on their own

83
Q

Precocial young

A

young are able to move around on their own

84
Q

Synapsid Skull

A

Has a lateral temporal opening (as well as an orbit)

85
Q

Anapsid Skull

A

Has a large orbit, with no lateral or dorsal temporal openings

86
Q

Diapsid Skull

A

Has a lateral and dorsal temporal opening (as well as an orbit)

87
Q

Agnatha

A

Jawless Fish

88
Q

Metazoa

A

Another word for the Animal kingdom as they are Eukaryotic and multicellular

89
Q

Schizocoelous

A

Mersodermal cells fill the blastocoel, forming a solid band of tissue around the gut cavity, then through programed cell death, space opens inside the mesodermal band (protosome)

90
Q

Enterocoelous

A

cells from the central portion of the gut lining begin to grow outwards as pouches, forming the mesoderm (deutersome)

91
Q

water Vascular system

A

hydraulic system used by echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration. The system is composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet

92
Q

What are the 5 main features of Chordata?

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Dorsal tubular nerve cord
  3. Pharynchial
  4. Endostyle (thyroid gland)
  5. Postanal tail
93
Q

List the 7 reasons of why Arthopoda have been successful?

A
  1. Cutucle (exoskeleton)
  2. segmentation and tagmata
  3. jointed appendages
  4. Air piped directly to cells
  5. Cephalisation & highly developed sensory system
  6. Complex behaviour patterns
  7. Reduced competition through metamorphosis
94
Q

Labrum

A

flap like structure infront of an hexapoda mouth

95
Q

Mandible

A

the teeth of the insect (help chew the food)

96
Q

Maxillary palp

A

helps place the food into the mandible

97
Q

Labial palp

A

helps place the food into the mandible (connected to the labrum, plus are the shortest of the arms)

Animal diversity (2 decks)

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