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Kaplan Psychology GRE Vocab > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

Ablation

A

a surgically induced brain lesion

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2
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

the period that follows the onset of an action potential. During this period, a nerve impulse cannot be initiated

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3
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum of stimulus energy needed to activate a sensory system

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4
Q

accommodation

A

a principle of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. it occurs when cognitive structures are modified because new information or new experience do not fit into existing cognitive structures

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5
Q

acetylcholine

A

a neurotransmitter found in both central and peripheral nervous systems linked to Alzheimer’s disease and used to transmit nerve impulses to muscles.

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6
Q

acrophobia

A

an irrational fear of heights

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7
Q

ACT model (adaptive control of thought)

A

a model that describes memory in terms of procedural and declarative memory

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8
Q

actor-observer effect

A

the tendency of actors to see observer behavior as due to external factors (situation factors) and the tendency of observers to attribute actors behaviors to internal characteristics (dispositional characteristics)

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9
Q

adrenaline

A

a hormone that increases energy available for “fight or flight” reactions (also known as epinephrine)

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10
Q

afterimage

A

a visual sensation that appears after prolonged or intense exposure to a stimulus

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11
Q

agnosia

A

impairment in perceptual recognition

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12
Q

agoraphobia

A

an irrational fear of being in open places or situations where escape might be difficult

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13
Q

all-or-nothing law

A

a law about nerve impulses stating that when depolarization reaches the critical threshold (-50 millivolts) the neuron is going to fire, each time, every time

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14
Q

alternate-form method

A

in psychometrics, it is the method of using two or more different forms of a test to determine the reliability of a particular test

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15
Q

altruism

A

a form of helping behavior where the animals intent is to benefit other animals at some cost to itself

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16
Q

amnesia

A

a dissociative disorder where individuals are unable to recall past experience, but this inability is not due to a neurological disorder

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17
Q

analogy of inoculation

A

McGuires analogy that people can be psychologically inoculated against the “attack” of persuasive communications by first exposing them to weakened attack

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18
Q

analysis of variance (ANOVA)

A

a statistical method to compare the means of more than two groups by comparing the between-group variance to the within-group variance

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19
Q

anima (animus)

A

an archetype from Jung’s theory referring to the female behaviors in males, and the masculine behavior in females

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20
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimal normal body weight

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21
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

memory loss for new information following a brain injury

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22
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others

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23
Q

aphagia

A

an impairment in the ability to eat

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24
Q

aphasias

A

language disorders, which are associated with Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas in the brain

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25
Q

apparent motion

A

an illusion that occurs when two dots flash in different locations on a screen seconds apart and a perceived as one moving dot

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26
Q

apraxia

A

an impairment in the organization of voluntary action

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27
Q

archetypes

A

the building blocks for the collective unconscious referred to in Jung’s theory of personality

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28
Q

Assimilation

A

a principle of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. It is the process of understanding new information in relation to prior knowledge, or existing schemata

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29
Q

association area

A

areas in the brain that integrate information from different cortical regions

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30
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

A

a model of memory that involves three memory structures (sensory, short-term, and long term), and the processes that operate these memory structures

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31
Q

attachment bond

A

evidence of a preference for the primary caregiver and a wariness of strangers

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32
Q

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD)

A

a disorder characterized by developmental atypical inattention and/or impulsivity-hyperactivity

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33
Q

attribution theory

A

Fritz Heider’s theory that people tend to infer the causes of other people’s behavior as either dispositional (related to the individual) or situation (related to the environment)

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34
Q

Authoritarian parenting style

A

a parenting style tending to use punitive control methods and lacking emotional warmth

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35
Q

Authoritative parent style

A

a parenting style tending to have reasonably high demands for child compliance coupled with emotional warmth

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36
Q

autism

A

a disorder whose essential features are lack of responsiveness to other people, gross impairment in communication skills, and behaviors and interests that are repetitive, inflexibly routined, and stereotyped

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37
Q

autokinetic effect

A

an illusion that occurs when a spot of light appears to move erratically in a dark room, simple because there is no frame of reference

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38
Q

availability heuristic

A

a decision-making shortcut that people tend to use when trying to decide how likely something is based upon how easily similar instances can be imagined

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39
Q

aversion therapy

A

a behavioral therapy of pairing unpleasant stimuli with undesirable behavior

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40
Q

balance theory

A

Fritz Heider’s consistency theory that is concerned with balance and imbalance in the ways which three elements are related

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41
Q

behavioral contracts

A

a therapeutic technique that is a negotiated agreement between two parties that explicitly stipulated the behavioral change that is desired and indicates consequences of certain acts

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42
Q

behavioral stimulants

A

a class of drugs that increase behavioral activity by increasing motor activity or by counteracting fatigue, and which are thought to stimulate receptors for dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

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43
Q

Bekesy’s traveling wave theory

A

proposed by Von Bekesy, the theory holds that high-frequent sounds maximally vibrate the basilar membrane near the beginning of the cochlea close to the oval window and low frequencies maximal vibrate near the apex, or tip, of the cochlea

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44
Q

between-subjects design

A

an experimental design whereby each subject is exposed to only one level of each independent variable

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45
Q

binocular disparity (stereopsis)

A

a cue for depth perception that depends on the fact that the distance between the eyes provides two slightly dispart views of the worth that, when combined, give us a perception of depth

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46
Q

bipolar disorder

A

a mood disorder characterized by both depression and mania

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47
Q

boomerang effect

A

in theories of attitude persuasion, it is an attitude change in the opposite direction of the persuaders message

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48
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

a personality disorder characterized by an instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image that borders on psychosis

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49
Q

bottom-up processing (data-driven processing)

A

information processing that occurs when objects are recognized by the summations of the components of incoming stimulus to arrive at the whole pattern

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50
Q

brightness

A

the subjective impression of the intensity of a light stimulus

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51
Q

brightness contrast

A

in brightness perception, it refers to when a particular luminance appears bridges when surrounded by a darker stimulus than when surrounded by a lighter stimulus

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52
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

impairments in producing spoken language associated with lesions to Broca’s area

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53
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder that involves binge eating and excessive attempts to compensate for it by purging, fasting, or excessive exercising

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54
Q

bystander effect

A

the reluctance of people to intervene to help others in emergency situations when other people also witness the situation

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55
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

a theory of emotions stating that awareness of emotions reflects our physiological arousal and our cognitive experience of emotion

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56
Q

case study

A

an experimental method used in developmental psychology to take a ver detailed look at development by studying a small number of individuals. Also called the clinical method

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57
Q

centration

A

a term from Piaget’s theory, it is the tendency for pre operational children to be able to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon

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58
Q

Chi-square test

A

a statistical method of testing for an association between two categorical variables. specifically, it tests for the equality of two frequencies or proportions

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59
Q

chlorpromazine

A

an antipsychotic drug thought to block receptor sites for dopamine, making it effective in treating the delusional thinking, hallucinations, and agitation commonly associated with schizophrenia

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60
Q

circadian rhythms

A

internally generated rhythms that regulate our daily cycle of waking and sleeping, approximating a 24hr cycle

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61
Q

classical conditioning

A

also known as respondent conditioning, it is a result of learning connections between different items

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62
Q

claustrophobia

A

an irrational fear of closed spaces

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63
Q

client-centered therapy, person-centered therapy, non-directive therapy

A

Carl Rogers’ therapeutic technique that is based on the idea that clients have the freedom to control their own behavior, and that the client is abel to reflect upon his or her problems, make choices, and take positive action

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64
Q

clustering

A

a technique to enhance memory by organizing items into conceptually-related categories

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65
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

Leon Festinger’s consistency theory that people are motivated to reduce dissonant elements or add consonant elements to reduce tension

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66
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of a physical space

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67
Q

collective unconscious

A

from Carl Jung’s personality theory, it is the idea that all humans share an unconscious, a residual of the experiences of our early ancestors

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68
Q

color constancy

A

refers to the fact that the perceived color of an object does not change when we change the wavelength of the light we see

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69
Q

compensation

A

a defense mechanism whereby something is done to make up for something that is lacking

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70
Q

conception

A

takes place in the fallopian tubes where the ovum or egg cell is fertilized by the male sperm cell

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71
Q

conditioned response

A

in classical conditioning, it is the learned response to a conditioned stimulus

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72
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

in classical conditioning, it is a neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response

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73
Q

confounding variable

A

unintended independent variables

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74
Q

connectionism

A

also called parallel distribution processing, it is a theory of information processing that is analogous to a complex neural network

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75
Q

consistency theories

A

theoretical perspective from social psychology that hold that people prefer consistency between attitudes and behaviors, and that people will change or resist changing attitude based upon this preference

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76
Q

construct validity

A

a type of validity that refers to how well a test measures the intended theoretical construct

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77
Q

content validity

A

a type of validity that refers to how well the content items of a test measure the particular skill or knowledge area that its supposed to measure

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78
Q

control group design

A

a technique of treating experimental and control groups equally in all respects, except that one group is exposed to the treatment in the experiment, and the other group is not exposed to the treatment

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79
Q

conversion disorders

A

disorders characterized by unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions. Conversion disorder used to be feared to as hysteria

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80
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a type of descriptive statistic that measures to what extent, if any, two variable are related.

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81
Q

counterbalancing

A

a method of controlling for potential unintended order effects by administering variables (eg treatments, measures) in all possible sequences

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82
Q

countertransference

A

in psychoanalysis, it occurs when the therapist experiences emotions in response to the patients transference

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83
Q

criterion validity

A

how well the test can predict an individual’s performance on an established test of the same skill or knowledge area

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84
Q

cross-sectional studies

A

an experimental method used in developmental psychology to compare different groups of individuals

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85
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

proposed by Raymond Cattle, it is a type of intelligence that uses knowledge acquired as a result of schooling or other life experiences

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86
Q

cynophobia

A

an irrational fear of dogs

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87
Q

decay theory

A

a theory that holds that if the information in long-term memory is not used or rehearsed, it will eventually be forgotten

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88
Q

declarative memory

A

sometimes called fact memory, it is memory of explicit information

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89
Q

defense mechanisms

A

In Freud’s structural dynamic model of personality, they are unconscious mechanisms that deny, falsify, or distort reality

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90
Q

delusions

A

false beliefs, discordant with reality, that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary

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91
Q

demand characteristics

A

cues that suggest to subjects what the researcher expects from research participants

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92
Q

dementia praecox

A

literally means “split mind” and was used to refer to what is now know as schizophrenia

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93
Q

dependent variable

A

a measurement of the response that is expected to vary with differences in the independent variable

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94
Q

depolarization

A

the second stage in the firing cycle; occurs when the membranes electrical charge decrease - anytime the membranes voltage moves toward a neutral charge of 0 millivolts

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95
Q

descriptive statistics

A

statistics concerned with organizing, describing, quantifying, and summarizing a collection of actual observations

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96
Q

deviation quotients

A

a deviations IQ score that tells us how far away a persons score is from the average score for that persons particular age group

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97
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

a framework explaining the causes of mental disorders as an interactions between biological causes (a predisposition) and psychological causal factors (excessive stress)

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98
Q

difference threshold

A

the amount of difference that there must be between two stimuli before they are perceived to be different

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99
Q

diploid cells

A

cells that contain 23 pairs of chromosomes

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100
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

in operant conditioning, it is a stimulus condition that indicates that the organisms behavior will have consequences

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101
Q

displacement

A

a defense mechanism that refers to the pent-up feelings (often hostility) discharged on objects and people less dangerous than those or people causing the feelings

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102
Q

dissociative disorders

A

disorders characterized by an avoidance of stress by escaping from personality identity

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103
Q

dissociative fugue

A

a dissociative disorder that involves amnesia plus a sudden, unexpected move away from one’s home or location of usual daily activities

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104
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

a dissociative disorder characterized by two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a person’s behavior (formerly multiple personality disorder)

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105
Q

depersonalization disorder

A

a dissociative disorder that involves a sense of detachment from the self despite an intact sense of reality

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106
Q

dissonance theory

A

the tendency to chance thoughts or behavior in response to perceived inconsistencies

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107
Q

distal stimulus

A

in perception, it is the actual object or event out there in the world, as opposed to its perceived image

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108
Q

domain-referenced testing

A

sometimes called criterion referenced testing, it is concerned with the question of what the test taker knows about a specified content domain

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109
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

a biochemical explanation for schizophrenia suggesting that the delusions, hallucinations, and agitations associated with schizophrenia arise from an excess of dopamine activity at certain sites in the brain

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110
Q

double-bind hypothesis

A

a psychosocial theory of schizophrenia holding that people with schizophrenia received contradictory messages from primary caregivers during childhood and these contradictory messages led them to see their perceptions of reality as unreliable

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111
Q

double blinding

A

a research design that controls for influence of the researcher and research participants since neither group knows which participants are in the control group and which are in the experimental group

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112
Q

downs syndrome

A

a set of physiological conditions, indulging severe intellectual disability resulting from an extra 21st chromosome

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113
Q

duplexity or duplicity theory of vision

A

the theory holding that the retina contains two kinds of photo receptors

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114
Q

echoic memory

A

auditory memory

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115
Q

ego psychology

A

a branch of psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego as autonomous

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116
Q

eidetic memory

A

memory for images

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117
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

the process of organizing information and associating it with what you already know to get information into long-term memory

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118
Q

electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

records gross average of electrical activity in different parts of the brain

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119
Q

embryonic stage

A

third stage during prenatal development, it refers to the period during which the embryo increases in size dramatically, develop human like appearances with limb motions, produces androgen in testes, and levels nerve cells in spine

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120
Q

Emmert’s Law

A

describes the relationship between size constancy and apparent distance - farther away an object appears to be, the more the scaling device in the brain will compensate for it retinal size by enlarging our perception of the object

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121
Q

empathy

A

the ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another. thought to be a strong influence in helping behavior

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122
Q

ending

A

the processing of putting new information into memory

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123
Q

encoding specificity theory

A

recall is best if the context at recall approximates the context during the original encoding

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124
Q

endorphins

A

peptides that are natural painkillers produced in the brain

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125
Q

episodic memory

A

a type of declarative memory, refers to memories for particular events, or episodes, from personal experience

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126
Q

equity theory

A

individuals strive for fairness and feel uncomfortable whether is a perception of a lack of fairness

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127
Q

eros

A

in Freud’s structural dynamic model of personality, it refers to the life instincts that serve the purpose of individual survival (hunger, thirst, sex)
ethology

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128
Q

ethology

A

the study of animals in their natural environment

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129
Q

exchange theory

A

the tendency to evaluate interactions and relationships in therms of relative costs and benefits

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130
Q

external validity

A

refers to how generalizable the results of an experiment are

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131
Q

extinction

A

in operant conditioning, it is when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly no reinforced and as a result, the conditioned response is no longer produced consistently

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132
Q

extirpation

A

removing various parts of the brain and then observing the behavioral consequences

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133
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

behavior that motivated by some external reward

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134
Q

face validity

A

refers to whether test items APPEAR to measure what they are supposed to measure

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135
Q

factor analysis

A

stats technique using correlation coefficients to reduce a large number of variables to few factors

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136
Q

Fechner’s Law

A

expresses the relationship between the intensity of the sensation and the intensity of the stimulus, and states that sensation increase more slowly as intensity increases

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137
Q

Fetal period

A

the last stage of prenatal development, its onset is marked by the beginning of measurable brain electrical activity

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138
Q

fictional finalism

A

Alfred Adler’s theory of personality, the notion that an individual is motivated more by their expectations of the future based on a subjective or fictional estimate of life’s values, than by past experiences

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139
Q

field independence-field dependence

A

a cognitive style characterized by an ability/inability to distinguish experience from its context

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140
Q

fight or flight responses

A

emotional experience associated with the sympathetic nervous system and managed by the hypothalamus during high arousal

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141
Q

figure

A

visual perception referring to the integrated visual experience that stands out at the center if attention

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142
Q

fixation

A

psychoanalytic theory, in ability to successfully proceed though a stage in development because of an overindulgence or frustrations

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143
Q

fixed action pattern

A

a behavior that is relatively stereotyped and appears to be species typical

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144
Q

fixed interval (FI)

A

operant conditioning, when behavior is reinforced after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement

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145
Q

fixed ration (FR)

A

operant conditioning, when behavior is reinforced after a fixed number of responses

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146
Q

flooding

A

behavioral modification technique used to treat anxiety disorders by exposed the client to the anxiety producing stimulus

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147
Q

fluid intelligence

A

Raymond Cattell, type of intelligence that has the ability to quickly grasp relationships in novel situations and make deductions from them (solving analogies)

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148
Q

follicle stimulating hormone

A

secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate the growth of an ovarian follicle, which is a small protective sphere surrounding the egg or ovum

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149
Q

free association

A

psychoanalytic technique, client says whatever comes to mind regardless of how personal, painful, etc. Analyst and patient can reconstruct the nature of the clients original conflict

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150
Q

frequency

A

sound perception, the number of times a sound wave cycles per second

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151
Q

frequency theory

A

the basilar membrane of the ear vibrates as a whole, the rate of the vibration equal the frequency of the stimulus, vibration rate is direction translated into the appropriate number of neural impulses per second

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152
Q

functional autonomy

A

a given activity or form of behavior may become an end or a goal in itself, regardless of it original reason for existence

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153
Q

functional fixedness

A

an impediment to effective problem solving because of an inability to use familiar object in an unfamiliar way

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154
Q

functionalism

A

system of thought that was concerned with studying how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments

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155
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to attribute individual characteristics as causes of others behaviors and situational characteristics to ones own behavior

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156
Q

g

A

Charles Spearman, an individual difference in intelligence that refers to general, unitary fact or intelligence

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157
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

a neurotransmitter that produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and is thought to play an important role in stabilizing neural activity in the brain

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158
Q

Garcia effect

A

John Garcia, food aversion that occurs when people attribute illness to a particular food

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159
Q

gate theory of pain

A

there are special “gating” mechanisms located in the spice that can turn pain signals on or off, thus affecting whether we perceive pain

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160
Q

Generation-recognition model

A

recall tasks tap the same basic process of accessing information in memory as recognition tasks, but also require an additional processing step

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161
Q

genes

A

located on chromosomes, basic units of hereditary transmission

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162
Q

germinal period

A

rapid cell division during prenatal development that last about 2 weeks and ends with the implantation of the cellular mass into the uterine wall

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163
Q

gonadotropic hormones

A

produced by the pituitary gland during puberty that activate a dramatic increase in the production of hormones by the testes or ovaries

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164
Q

ground

A

visual perception, the background against which the figure appears

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165
Q

group polarization

A

tendency for group discussion to enhance the groups initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution

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166
Q

groupthink

A

tendency of decision making groups to strive for consensus at the expense of not considering discordant information

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167
Q

Hallucinations

A

perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense or reality

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168
Q

halo effect

A

in social psychology is is the tendency to generalize from one attribute or characteristic to a person’s entire personality

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169
Q

Haloperidol (Haldol)

A

an antipsychotic drug thought to block receptor sites for dopamine, making it effective in treating the delusional thinking, hallucinations, and agitations commonly associated with schizophrenia

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170
Q

haploid cells

A

cells that contain 23 single chromosomes. the gametes (sperm and egg) are haploid

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171
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

the tendency of people to behave differently if they know they are being observed

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172
Q

Homeostasis

A

a term referring to those self-regulatory processes that maintain a stable equilibrium

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173
Q

Humanism

A

a system of thought that arose in opposition to both psychoanalysis and behaviorism and is characterized by a belief in the notion of free will and the idea that people should be considered as wholes rather than in terms of stimuli and responses (behaviorism) or instincts (psychoanalysis)

174
Q

hyperpolarization

A

an increase in membrane potential that decrease the possibility of generating a nerve impulse

175
Q

hypothesis

A

a tentative and testable explanation of the relationship between two or more variables

176
Q

iconic memory

A

visual sensory memory that fades quickly

177
Q

Id

A

In Freud’s structural dynamic model of personality, it is the source and the reservoir of all psychic energy

178
Q

idographic

A

an approach to studying personality that focus on individual case studies

179
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

a disorder that causes an individual to be preoccupied with fears that he or she has a serious disease, based on a misinterpretation of one or bodily signs or symptoms

180
Q

illumination

A

a physical, objective measurement that is simply the amount of light falling on a surface

181
Q

illusory correlation

A

an apparent correlation that is perceived, but does not really exist

182
Q

imprinting

A

an attachment bond between an organism and an object in the environment

183
Q

independent variable

A

the variable whose effect is being studied

184
Q

induced motion

A

an illusion of movement occurring when everything around the spot of light is moved

185
Q

inferential statistics

A

stats concerned with making an inference from the sample involved in the research to the population of interest in order to provide an estimate of popular characteristics

186
Q

innate releasing mechanism (IRM)

A

a mechanism in the animals nervous system that serves to connect the stimulus with the right response

187
Q

insomnia

A

disturbance affecting the ability to fall asleep or stay asleep

188
Q

instincts

A

in Freud’s structural dynamic model of personality, these are inner representations of a psychological excitation or wish and are the propelling aspects of Freud’s dynamic theory of personality.

189
Q

intensity

A

in sound perception, it is the amplitude or height of the air pressure wave and its related loudness

190
Q

interneurons

A

neurons located in the spinal cord that connect sensory neurons with motor neurons to form the reflex arc

191
Q

interposition

A

also called overlap, refers to the cue for depth perception when one object (A) covers or overlaps another object (B) and we see object A as being in front

192
Q

interval scale

A

a scale of measurement using actual numbers (not ranks)

193
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

motivation by some reward that is inherent to the task

194
Q

IQ

A

well known measure of intelligence aptitude using an equation comparing mental age to chronological age

195
Q

isomorphism

A

theory that suggests that there is a one to one correspondence between the pattern of stimulation in the brain

196
Q

James-Lange theory of emotions

A

people become aware of their emotions after they notice their physiological reactions to some external event

197
Q

just world hypothesis

A

tendency to believe that the world is fair that is that people who are good are rewarded and people who are bad are punished

198
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

possession of an extra X chromosome in males that leads to sterility and often to intellectual disability

199
Q

language acquisition device (LAD)

A

proposed by Noam Chomsky, an innate biologically based mechanism that helps us understand rule structures in language

200
Q

lateral inhibition

A

visual perception, it is the process of inhibiting the response of adjacent retinal cells resulting in the sharpening and highlighting of the borders between dark and light areas

201
Q

law of closure

A

Gestalt psychology, it is the tendency for people to perceive complete figures even when the figures are not complete

202
Q

law of good continuation

A

Gestalt psychology, th tendency for elements appearing to follow in the same direction (such as a straight line or simple curve) to be grouped together

203
Q

Law of Pragnanz

A

Gestalt psychology, the tendency for perceptual organization to be as “good” - regular, simple, symmetric - as possible

204
Q

law of proximity

A

Gestalt psychology, the tendency for elements close to each other to be perceived as one unit

205
Q

law of similarity

A

Gestalt psych, the tendency for similar objects to be grouped together

206
Q

law of specific nerve energies

A

Johannes Muller, each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy (eg light, air vibrations) and that the brain interprets any stimulations of that nerve as being that kind of energy

207
Q

L-dopa

A

synthetic substance that increases dopamine levels in the brain and is used to treat motor disturbances in Parkinsons disease. when l-dopa leads to an oversupply of dopamine in the brain it can produce psychotic symptoms in Parkinson’s patients

208
Q

levels of processing theory (depth of processing theory)

A

Craik and Lockhart, there is only one memory system and that items entering the memory are analyzed in one of three stages: physical (visual), acoustical (sound), or semantic (meaning)

209
Q

libido

A

psychoanalytic theory, refers to the life drive present at birth

210
Q

lightness constancy

A

despite changes in the amount of light falling on an object (illumination) the apparent lightness of the object remains unchanged.

211
Q

linear perspective

A

a cue for depth perception that refers to the perception of parallel lines converging in a distance

212
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

our perception of reality is determined by the content of language. Whorfian hypothesis

213
Q

Lithium

A

a drug used to treat bipolar disorder

214
Q

long term memory

A

system that holds a permanent store of information

215
Q

longitudinal studies

A

experimental method used in developmental psych to compare the same group of individuals repeatedly over time

216
Q

loudness

A

subjective experience of the magnitude or intensity of sound

217
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

hormone associated with ovulation

218
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

rehearsing info so that items remains in short term memory for a longer duration than usual

219
Q

major depressive disorder

A

mood disorder characterized by at least a 2 wk period during which there is a prominent and relatively persistent depressed mood, or loss of interest in all or almost all activities

220
Q

mania

A

symptom of bipolar disorder, characterized by abnormally elevated mood, accompanied by speeding up of thought processes and activities and an abnormally decreased need for sleep

221
Q

MAO inhibitors

A

behavioral stimulants that reduce depression by inhibiting the action of an enzyme called MAO (monoamine oxidase) which normally breaks down or deactivates norepinephrine or serotonin

222
Q

mean

A

the numerical halfway point between the highest score and the lowest score, the arithmetic average

223
Q

median

A

the middle values when observations are ordered from least to most or from most to least

224
Q

mental chronometry

A

cognitive psych research method of measuring the time elapsed between a stimulus presentation and the subjects response to it (reaction time)

225
Q

mere exposure hypothesis

A

tendency for ppl to prefer things with which they are familar

226
Q

meta analysis

A

stats procedure used to make conclusions on the basis of data from different studies

227
Q

metacognition

A

the ability to think about and monitor cognition

228
Q

metamemory

A

ability to think about and monitor a memory

229
Q

method of loci

A

mnemonic device associating info with some sequence of familiar places

230
Q

method of savings

A

technique for studying memory by measuring the amount o f time it takes to learn material and comparing it to the amount of time it takes to relearn the same material later. the decrease in time represents an indication of original learning

231
Q

methylphenidate

A

behavioral stimulant that increases alertness and decreases motor activity and is used to treat hyperactive children who suffer from attention deficit disorder. also known as Ritalin

232
Q

Mnemonic devices

A

techniques used to improve the likelihood that we will remember something

233
Q

mode

A

that value of the most frequent observation in a set of scores

234
Q

modeling

A

therapeutic technique in which the client learns appropriate behavior through imitation of someone else

235
Q

monoamine theory of depression

A

a theory that holds that too much norepinephrine and serotonin leads to mania while too little leads to depression. it also sometimes called the catecholamine theory of depression

236
Q

morphemes

A

smallest unit of meaning in a language

237
Q

motion aftereffect

A

illusion that occurs when you first view a moving pattern, such as stripes moving off to the right (or a waterfall) and then you view a spot of light - the spot of light will appear to move in the opposite direction

238
Q

motion parallax

A

cue for depth perception that occurs during movement when objects that are closer appear to move

239
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons transmitting motor commands from the brain to the muscles along efferent fibers

240
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A
  • grandiose sense of self importance or uniqueness
  • preoccupation with fantasies of success
  • exhibitionistic ned for constant admiration and attention
  • disturbances in interpersonal relationships such as feelings of entitlement
241
Q

negative reinforcement

A

probability that the desired response will be performed is increased by removing something undesirable whenever desired response is made

242
Q

neologisms

A

newly invented words

243
Q

neurocognitive disorder

A

neurological disorder characterized by a loss in intellectual functioning

244
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances that allow neurons to communicate with one another

245
Q

nominal scale

A

scale of measurement that labels observations rather than quantifying observations (also called categorical scale)

246
Q

nomothetic

A

approach to personality that focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find the commonalities between individuals

247
Q

nonequivalent group design

A

experimental design whereby the researcher doesnt use random assignment so the control group is not necessarily equivalent to the experimental group

248
Q

norepinephrine

A

involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness and is implicated in mood disorders such as depression and mania (noradrenaline)

249
Q

normal distribution

A

symmetrical distribution and has it greatest frequency in the middle

250
Q

norm referenced testing

A

comparing the test takers performance to that tests norms that are derived from standardized samples

251
Q

object permanence

A

Piagets theory, the capacity for representation thought

252
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

-repeated obsessions (persistent irrational thoughts) and/or compulsions (irrational and repetitive impulses to perform certain acts) thaat cause sig impairment in persons life

253
Q

operant conditions

A

instrumental conditioning, or reward learning, based on learning the relationship between ones actions and their consequences

254
Q

operational definitions

A

measurable definitions of variables in research

255
Q

opiate receptors

A

receptors that respond to the bodys own naturally produced painkillers (endorphins) as well as narcotics such as heroin and morphine

256
Q

opponent process theory of color vision

A

Ewald Herings theory that there are four primary colors in additive color mixing (red, blue, green, yellow) and that the primary colors are arranged in opposing pairs

257
Q

order effects

A

problem in research design when the results of the study are attributed to the sequence of tasks in the experiment rather than the independent variable

258
Q

ordinal scale

A

scale of measurement using ranks rather than actual numbers

259
Q

osmoreceptors

A

receptors in the hypothalamus that control the maintenance of water balance in the body

260
Q

outliers

A

scores falling outside main cluster of scores

261
Q

over justification effect

A

tendency to stop liking something that they previously enjoyed because of receiving reward for behavior

262
Q

Paivio’s dual code hypothesis

A

information can be stored (or encoded) in two ways: visually or verbally. abstract information tends to be encoded verbally whereas concrete information tends to be encoded visually (ie as an image) and verbally

263
Q

paradoxical intervention

A

therapeutic technique that appears to contradict the therapeutic needs

264
Q

parallel distributed process (PDP)

A

information processing is distributed across the brain (across nodes in a network) and is done in a parallel fashion

265
Q

perceptual sets

A

expectations we have about perception due to past experiences

266
Q

permissive parenting style

A

tendency to score very low on control/demand measures

267
Q

persona

A

an archetype from Jung’s theory referring to a mask that is adopted by the person in response to the demands of social convention

268
Q

personality disorders

A

pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive causing distress and/or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, impulse control

269
Q

phenothiazine

A

antipsychotic drug thought to block receptor sites for dopamine make the drug effective in treating delusional thinking, hallucinations, and agitation commonly associated with schizophrenia

270
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

degenerative disease of the nervous system occurring when a child lacks the enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine, an amino acid found in milk and other foods

271
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

an illusion of movement that occurs when two dots flashed in different locations on a screen seconds apart are perceived as one moving dot

272
Q

Phobia

A

irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid that thing

273
Q

phonemes

A

the smallest sound units of language

274
Q

phrenology

A

the study of psychological functions of areas of the brain

275
Q

physiological zero

A

the temperature of the skin

276
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary development in humans

277
Q

pitch

A

subjective experience of the frequency of the sound

278
Q

place theory

A

proposed by Helmholtz and Young, each different pitch causes a different place on the basilar member of the ear to vibrate

279
Q

placebo effect

A

therapeutic effect resulting from an inactive substance, such as a sugar pill

280
Q

pleasure principle

A

Freud’s structural dynamic model of personality, the Id’s operating principal, which is to immediately discharge any energy buildup

281
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increasing the probability that a desired response will be performed by reinforcing (rewarding) that response when it does occur

282
Q

predictive validity

A

use of some criterion scores obtained in advance and validating them against scores obtained later

283
Q

Premack principle

A

a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity

284
Q

preparedness

A

inborn tendency to associate certain stimuli with certain consequences

285
Q

primacy effect

A

social psych, refers to those occasions when first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions (not to be confused with the primacy effect associated with memory research)

286
Q

primary circular reactions

A

Piaget’s theory, reflex activities characteristic of behavior during the sensorimotor phase

287
Q

primary prevention

A

efforts to correct the conditions that foster mental illness and establish the conditions that foster mental health

288
Q

primary process

A

Freud’s structural dynamic model of personality, it is the Id’s response to frustration - “obtain satisfaction now, not later”

289
Q

prisoners dilemma

A

investigating peoples choices to compete or cooperate using a hypothetical case where two men have been taken into custody, separated, and can choose either to confess or not to confess.

290
Q

proactive inhibition

A

what you learned earlier interferes with what you want to learn later

291
Q

procedural memory

A

memory for how things are done

292
Q

prodromal phase

A

phase before schizophrenia is actually diagnosed, characterized by poor adjustment

293
Q

progesterone

A

hormone produced and secreted by the ovary to prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized egg

294
Q

projection

A

defense mechanism that frees to when a person attributes his forbidden urges to others

295
Q

projection area

A

areas in the brain receiving incoming sensory info or sending out motor impulse commands

296
Q

proprioception

A

general term for our sense of bodily position, including aspects of both the vestibular and kinesthetic senses

297
Q

protection motivation theory

A

a social psychology theory proposing that an appeal to fear produces attitude change under particular conditions

298
Q

proxemics

A

study of how individuals space themselves in relation to others

299
Q

proximal stimulus

A

in perception it is the information our sensory receptors receive about the object

300
Q

psychoanalysis

A

an intensive long term treatment for uncovering repressed memories motives and conflicts stemming from problems in psychosexual development - the goal of therapy is to gain insight into repressed material

301
Q

psychodynamic or psychoanalytic theory

A

a system of thought that postulates the existence of unconscious internal sates that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality

302
Q

psychopharmacology

A

the science of how drugs affect behavior

303
Q

psychophysics

A

measures the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological responses to the stimuli

304
Q

punishment

A

the probability that a response will be made is decreased by giving the organism something undesirable whenever the response is made

305
Q

range

A

a descriptive stat that measures variability by subtracting the lowest value in a data set from the highest value

306
Q

ratio scale

A

uses actual numbers where there is a true zero point that indicates the total absence of the quantity being measured

307
Q

rational emotive behavioral therapy

A

a therapeutic approach that focuses on changing irrational belief systems

308
Q

rationalization

A

defense mechanism that refers to the process of developing social acceptable explanations for inappropriate behavior or thoughts

309
Q

reactance

A

when social pressure to behave in a particular way becomes so blatant that the persons sense of freedom is threatened and the person will tend to act in a way to reassert that sense of freedom

310
Q

reaction formation

A

defense mechanism that refers to when a repressed wish is warded off by its diametrical opposite

311
Q

reality principle

A

Freud’s structural dynamic model of personality, it is the Ego’s response to frustration that takes into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the Id and the Id’s pleasure principle

312
Q

recency effect

A

social psych, those occasions when the most recent information we have about an individual is most important forming our impressions. in cognitive psych, it is the tendency for items that are presented last to be remembered the best

313
Q

reception

A

the first step in all sensory information processing; each sensory system has receptors to react to the physical external energy

314
Q

reciprocity hypothesis

A

we tend to like those who seem to like us and dislike those who dislike us

315
Q

refractory period

A

period following the firing of a neuron just before the neuron is able to fire again

316
Q

regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

A

noninvasive prodedure that detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain

317
Q

regression

A

a defense mechanism that refers to a person who reverts to an earlier mode of satisfaction

318
Q

relative refractory period

A

the period following the absolute refractory period. during this time, the neuron will fire in response to a strong stimulus

319
Q

relative size

A

a cue for depth perception that occurs as an object gets farther away and its image on the retina gets smaller. People can tell how far away something is relative to another object by comparing the size of the images on the retina with what is know about actual sizes

320
Q

reliability

A

the consistency and stability of a test measure

321
Q

REM

A

Rapid Eye Movement sleep characterized by the presence of theta waves and the absence of delta waves. Dreams occurs during REM sleep

322
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

a decision making short cut that people tend to use when trying to decide how likely something is by categorizing on the basis of whether it fits the prototypical stereotypical or representative image of the category

323
Q

repression

A

defense mechanism that refers to the unconscious forgetting of anxiety producing memories

324
Q

reproductive isolating mechanisms

A

behaviors that prevent animals of one species from attempting to mate with animals of a closely related species

325
Q

resistance

A

an unwillingness or inability to relate to certain thoughts, motives, or experiences , it is a major part of psychoanalysis

326
Q

response bias

A

the tendency for research participants to respond to sensory perception in a particular way, due to non sensory factors

327
Q

resting potential

A

a slight electrical charge (-70mV) stored inside the neurons cell membrane - a charge just waiting to be transformed into a nerve impulse

328
Q

retrieval

A

process of recovering stored material in memory

329
Q

retroactive inhibition

A

learning something that interferes with what was learned earlier

330
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

memory loss for events that occurred before brain injury

331
Q

rhodopsin

A

the only photopigment in the rods, it is made up of a vitamin A derivative, called retinene, and a protein, called opsin

332
Q

risky shift

A

group decisions are risker than the average of the individual choices (and this average riskiness of the individual choices can be considered to be an estimate of the groupon original riskiness).

333
Q

rods

A

located in the periphery of the retina, these are sensory receptors for vision that work best in reduced illumination and only allow perception of achromatic colors, have low sensitivity to detail and are not involved in color vision

334
Q

role theory

A

social psych, people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill, and behavior can be understood and attributed to the adoption of these social roles

335
Q

sample

A

in research design it is the subset of the population

336
Q

scatterplot

A

a graphical representation of correlation data

337
Q

schema (schemata)

A

conceptual frameworks used to organize knowledge

338
Q

schizoid personality disorder

A

a personality disorder characterized by pervasive pattern of detachment form social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression

339
Q

schizophrenia

A

disorder characterized by an or all of the following: delusions hallucinations, disorganized thought, inappropriate affect, catatonic behavior

340
Q

secondary process

A

Freud’s structural dynamic model of personality, its the Ego’s mode of functioning which is to postpone the discharge of energy until the actual object that will satisfy the need (and Id) has been discovered or produced

341
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

physical sex, characteristics that do not appear until puberty; enlarged breast, widened hips, facial hair deeper voices

342
Q

sedative hypnotic drugs

A

a class of drugs that slow down the functioning of the central nervous system by facilitating in the action of GABA

343
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

behaviors stimulants that reduce depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and increasing serotonin in the synapse

344
Q

self actualization

A

Abraham Maslow’s theory, the need to realize one’s fullest potential

345
Q

self awareness theory

A

our behavior is influenced by an awareness of the self and that there are certain situations that trigger a focus on ourselves (mirrors, cameras, etc)

346
Q

self disclosure theory

A

conditions that prohibit or facilitate the process of revealing personal or intimate aspect of oneself

347
Q

self perception theory

A

Daryl Bem’s theory that when attitudes about something are weak or ambiguous, people observe their own behavior and then attribute attitudes to themselves

348
Q

semantic feature comparison model

A

Smith, Shoben, Rips, suggests that concepts are represented by sets of features some of which are required for that concept and some of which are typical of that concept

349
Q

semantic memory

A

a type of declarative memory, semantic memory has to do with remembering general knowledge especially the meaning of words and concepts

350
Q

semantics

A

meaning of words and sentences

351
Q

sensory memory

A

part of stage theory of memory that contains the fleeting impressions of sensory stimuli

352
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons that transmits sensory information to the spinal cord and then to the brain through afferent fibers

353
Q

sequential cohort studies

A

exp method used in dev psych to study groups of subjects at different ages, repeatedly over time

354
Q

serotonin

A

NT loosely classified as a monoamine or biogenic amine transmitter generally thought to play roles in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, arousal, oversupply of serotonin is thought to produces manic states, undersupply is thought to produce depression

355
Q

shadow

A

archetype from Jung’s theory, referring to the animal instincts which humans inherited in their evolution from lower forms of life

356
Q

shaping

A

in operant condioning it is reinforcing successive approximations of desired behavior

357
Q

short term memory

A

a memory system that has a limited capacity (7 -+2 items) and a relatively short duration (~30sec)

358
Q

sign stimulus

A

feature of stimulus that is sufficient to bring about a particular fixed action patter

359
Q

signal detection theory

A

non sensory factors influence sensory perception

360
Q

significance test

A

inferential stats to test the prob of an observed difference

361
Q

single blind experiment

A

controls from the influence of the research participants expectations by not revealing whether participants are in the control group or in the experimental group

362
Q

single cell recording

A

sensory perception, records the response cell by placing a micro electrode in the cortex

363
Q

size constancy

A

object appears to retain its size despite the fact that its image on the retina has change in size

364
Q

sleep apnea

A

inability to breathe during sleep

365
Q

social comparison theory

A

Leon Festinger’s theory that tendency to evaluate the self in comparison toothed people drives affiliation

366
Q

social exchange theory

A

we are motivated to affiliated with others based upon the rewards and costs of affiliations - the more rewards outweigh the costs, the greater the attraction to the other person

367
Q

social facilitation

A

being in a group enhances performance

368
Q

social influence

A

presences of other people affects an individuals judgment of an event

369
Q

social learning theory

A

behavior is learned through modeling (direct observations) or through reinforcement

370
Q

social loafing

A

group phenomenon referring to the tendency for people to put forth less effort when part of a group than when by themselves

371
Q

somatoform disorders

A

characterized by the presence of physical symptoms not fully explained by a medical condition

372
Q

split half consistency

A

dividing a test into equal halves and correlating scores on one half with the scores of the other half

373
Q

stand deviation

A

measure of typical distance of scores from the mean

374
Q

standard error of measurement (SEM)

A

an index of how much on average we expect a persons observed score to vary from the score the person is capable of receiving based on actual ability

375
Q

state dependent learning

A

when recall is better if the psychological or physical state at the time of recall is the same as the state when learning occurred

376
Q

Steven’s power law

A

related the intensity of the stimulus to the intensity of the sensation

377
Q

storage

A

process of retaining the information in memory over time

378
Q

strange situation

A

measure the quality of the caregiver-child attachment relationship

379
Q

structuralism

A

system of thought that refers to breaking consciousness down to its elements

380
Q

sublimation

A

defense mechanism that refers to the process of transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors

381
Q

subtractive color mixture

A

occurs when we mix pigments; yellow, blue, and red, are the primary colors

382
Q

Superego

A

in Freud’s structural dynamic model of personality, it strives for the idea rather than the real and its not directly in touch with reality

383
Q

supernormal stimulus

A

more effective at triggering the fixed action pattern than the actual stimulus found in nature

384
Q

suppression

A

defense mechanism that refers to a deliberate, conscious form of forgetting

385
Q

synapse

A

tiny gap between neurons

386
Q

syntax

A

the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences

387
Q

systematic desensitization

A

used to treat phobias by pairing the object of fear with relaxation

388
Q

tabula rasa

A

all knowledge is gained through experience; blank slate

389
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

resting tremors and jerky motor movements caused by disruptions of dopamine transmission

390
Q

temperament

A

individual differences thought to have a genetic basis and thought to form the foundation of personality

391
Q

test retest method

A

to estimate the inter individual stability of test scores over time, the same test is administered to the same group of people twice

392
Q

texture gradients

A

a cue for depth perception that refers to the variations in perceived surface texture as a function of the distance from the observer - the more distant parts of the scene appear to have smaller, more densely packed elements and sudden changes in texture generally signal either a change in distance or a change in direction

393
Q

Thanatos

A

in Freud’s structural dynamic model of personality it refers to the death instincts that represent an unconscious wish for the ultimate absolute state of quiescence

394
Q

theory of multiple intelligences

A

Howard Gardner’s, seven intelligence factors: linguistic ability, logical - mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, interpersonal

395
Q

Thorazine

A

an antipsychotic drug thought to block receptor sites for dopamine, making it effective in treating delusional thinking, hallucinations, and agitation commonly associated with schizophrenia

396
Q

timbre

A

sound perception, the quality of tone - the aspect that distinguishes the sound of one instrument from another

397
Q

tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

a problem with memory retrieval where some parts of the information are available to memory, but not enough for complete recall

398
Q

token economies

A

behavior therapies, to reinforce behavior by giving tokens (that can be cashed information something desirable ) for appropriate behavior

399
Q

top down processing (conceptually driven processing)

A

object recognition theory, when people recognized objects by using conceptual processes such as memories and expectations about the whole object

400
Q

Tourettes disorder

A

multiple motor tics (eye blinking, skipping) and one or more vocal tics (grunts, sniffs, snorts)

401
Q

transduction

A

the second step in sensory information processing where physical energy is translated into neural impulses or action potential

402
Q

transference

A

the carrying over and applying to the therapist attitudes and feelings that developed in the patients relations with significant others in the past

403
Q

transformational grammar

A

rules that govern the ways in which changes in word order change meaning

404
Q

triarchic theory

A

Robert Sternberg’s theory of intelligence that suggests that there are three aspects to intelligence: componential (performance on tests), experiential (creativity) and contextual (street smarts)

405
Q

tricyclic antidepressants

A

behavioral stimulates thought to reduce depression by facilitating the transmission of norepinephrine or serotonin at the synapse

406
Q

true experiments

A

use random assignment to manipulate the independent variable

407
Q

T-scores

A

a score converted to a normal distribution that has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10

408
Q

t-test

A

significance test used to compare the means of two groups

409
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

caused by the lack of one X chromosome in females, results in a failure to develop secondary sex characteristics and cognitive impairment

410
Q

two factor theory of emotion

A

subjective experience of emotion is based on the interaction between chances in physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. in the absence of any clear emotion provoking stimulus, interpretation of physiological arousal depends on what is happening in the environment

411
Q

type I errors

A

an error of mistakenly rejecting the null hypothesis. the likelihood of making a type I error is the criterion of significance

412
Q

two point thresholds

A

the minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation of the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli

413
Q

type II errors

A

error of mistakenly failing to reject the null hypothesis

414
Q

unconditioned response

A

in classical conditioning, it is a response that occurs without any behavioral conditioning - like a reflex

415
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

in classical conditioning, it is the stimuli that elects an unconditioned response, without and behavioral conditioning

416
Q

validity

A

the extent to which a test actually measures what it purports to measure

417
Q

value hypothesis

A

suggests that the risky shift occurs in situations in which riskiness is culturally valued

418
Q

variable

A

property that varies in amount or kind and can be measured (height, weight etc)

419
Q

variable interval (VI)

A

in operant conditioning, it is when behavior is reinforced at the the first response made after a variable amount of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement

420
Q

variable ratio (VR)

A

in operant conditioning, when a behavior is reinforced after a varying number of responses

421
Q

variance

A

the square of the standard deviation, it is a description of how much each scores varies from the mean

422
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense of balance of our bodily position relative to gravity

423
Q

visual agnosia

A

impairment in visual recognition whereby the person can see an object but is unable to recognize what it is

424
Q

Weber’s law

A

change in stimulus intensity needed to produce a just noticeable difference, divided by the stimulus intensity of the standard stimulus, is constant

425
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

impairment in understanding spoken language associated with damage to the Wernickes area

426
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

performance is worst at extremely low or extremely high levels of arousal, and optional at some intermediate level

427
Q

Young-Helmholz theory (trichromatic theory)

A

color vision, reina contains three different types of color receptors (cones), which are differently sensitive to blue red, or green and all colors are produced by combined stimulation of these receptors

428
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

refers to the those skills and abilities that have not fully developed but are in the process of development

429
Q

Z-score

A

represents how many standard deviations above or below the mean a score is

430
Q

Zygote

A

a single, fertilized cell cerated during conception when the egg and sperm cells combine

Kaplan Psychology GRE Vocab (1 decks)

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