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National 5 Biology Glossary > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

Abiotic

A

Physical/living factors

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2
Q

Active site

A

Position on the surface of an enzyme molecule to which specific substrate molecules can bind

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3
Q

Adaptation.

A

Feature of an organism that helps it to survive

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4
Q

Aerobic

A

Requires oxygen

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5
Q

Algal bloom

A

A seasonal abundance of algae

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6
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of the same gene

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7
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny sacs in lungs that form the gas exchange surface

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8
Q

Amino acid

A

Building block of a protein molecule

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9
Q

Ammonium

A

NH4 - a nitrogen-containing waste product of decomposition

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10
Q

Anther

A

Male sex organ within flower that produces pollen grain

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11
Q

Antibody

A

Protein that is involved in defence in animals

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12
Q

Aorta

A

Main artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

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13
Q

Aseptic techniques

A

Laboratory procedures designed to prevent contamination of pure cultures of microorganisms

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14
Q

Atria

A

Upper chambers of heart which receive blood from veins

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15
Q

Bases

A

Form the genetic code of DNA and mRNA

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16
Q

Biome

A

Region of planet with characteristic climate, flora and fauna

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17
Q

Bond

A

Chemical link between atoms in a molecule

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18
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny blood vessels with walls one-cell thick where exchange of materials occur

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19
Q

Carnivore

A

Consumer which eats other animals

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20
Q

A, G, T, C & U

A

Letters that represent the names of the bases of DNA and mRNA

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21
Q

Cartilage

A

Flexible tissue forming C-shaped rings in the trachea to keep the airway open

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22
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by reducing the energy required to start it.

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23
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural carbohydrate of which plant cell walls are composed

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24
Q

Chromatid

A

Replicated copy of chromosome visible during cell division

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25
Q

Chromosome

A

Structure containing hereditary material composed of DNA that codes for the characteristics of an organism

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26
Q

Competition

A

Interaction between organisms seeking the same limited resources

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27
Q

Consumer

A

Animal which eats ready-made food

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28
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like liquid containing cell organelles and the site of biochemical reactions

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29
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into smaller, soluble ones

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30
Q

Discrete

A

Variation that is clear-cut and observable as categories

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31
Q

Donor

A

Organism from which the genetic material is obtained for transfer to another species

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32
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Gland that produces and releases a hormone directly into the blood

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33
Q

Fertilisation

A

Fusion of the nuclei of haploid gametes

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34
Q

Fertiliser

A

Chemical added to the soil to improve plant growth or crop yield

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35
Q

Gene

A

Small section of DNA that codes for the production of a specific protein

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36
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Artificial transfer of genetic information from one donor cell or organism to another

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37
Q

Genetically modified

A

Term given to a cell or organism that has had its genetic code altered, usually by adding a gene from another organism

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38
Q

Glucose

A

Simple sugar used as a respiratory substrate for the production of ATP

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39
Q

Grazing

A

Method of feeding on plant by herbivores

40
Q

Guard cells

A

Found on either side of stoma; they control gas exchange in leaves by controlling the opening and closing of the stoma

41
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Pigment in red blood cells that transport oxygen as oxyhaemoglobin

42
Q

Hormone

A

Protein released by an endocrine gland into the blood to act as a chemical messenger

43
Q

Lacteal

A

Central vessel in the villi responsible for the absorption of the products of fat digestion

44
Q

Leaf epidermis

A

Skin-like tissue forming the upper and lower covering of leaves

45
Q

Lignin

A

Carbohydrate material lining the xylem vessels and providing strength and support

46
Q

Lymph

A

Liquid that circulates within a mammals body, transporting the products of fat digestion from the lacteals

47
Q

Medium

A

Solid or liquid nutrient agar or broth used to control microorganism

48
Q

mRNA

A

Substance that carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes

49
Q

Minerals

A

Nutrient ions essential for healthy growth

50
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus of a cell that leads to the production of two genetically identical daughter cells

51
Q

Motile

A

Able to move under its own power

52
Q

Mutation

A

A random and spontaneous change in the structure of a gene, chromosome or number of chromosomes; only source of new alleles

53
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

Sequence of events or processes involved in the recycling of nitrogen

54
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

A

Bacteria found free living in the soil or in the root nodules of some plants (legumes) that convert nitrogen gas to nitrate

55
Q

Omnivore

A

Consumer which eats a mixture of plants and animals

56
Q

Optimum

A

Conditions such as temperature and pH at which an enzyme works best

57
Q

Organ

A

Group of different tissues that work together to carry out a particular function e.g heart/lungs

58
Q

Organelle

A

Membrane-bound compartment with a specific function in animal, plant and fungal cells

59
Q

Ova

A

Female gametes produced by ovaries in animals (sing. Ovum )

60
Q

Ovule

A

Structure containing a female gamete, produced by ovaries in plants

61
Q

Pancreas

A

Organ responsible for the production of digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon

62
Q

Parasitism

A

An interaction between two organisms in which one benefits and the other is harmed

63
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient without the need for additional energy, e.g. Diffusion/ osmosis

64
Q

Peristalsis

A

Waves of muscular contraction responsible for the movement of food through the oesophagus/intestines

65
Q

Phospholipid

A

Fat or oil with molecules composed of fatty acids and glycerol

66
Q

Pitfall trap

A

Sampling technique used to trap animals living on the soil surface or in leaf litter

67
Q

Plasmid

A

Circular genetic material present in bacterial cells and used in genetic engineering/modification.

68
Q

Polygenic

A

Inheritance determined by the interaction of several genes acting together

69
Q

Precipitation

A

Water such as rain/snow/sleet/hail/dew

70
Q

Predation

A

Obtaining food by hunting and killing prey organisms

71
Q

Protein

A

Substance composed of chains of amino acids and containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

72
Q

Quadrat

A

Square frame of known area used for sampling the abundance and distribution of slow or non-moving organisms

73
Q

Radiation

A

Energy in wave form such as light, sound, heat, X-rays, gamma rays

74
Q

Receptor cell

A

Cell that can detect stimuli inside or outside the body

75
Q

Receptor protein

A

Cell surface protein which allows a cell to recognises specific substances

76
Q

Recipient

A

Cell or organism that receives genetic material from a donor cell or organism

77
Q

Reflex arc

A

Pathway of information from sensory neuron through relay neuron directly to motor neuron

78
Q

Respirometer

A

A device to measure respiration rates in living tissue

79
Q

Root epidermis

A

Outer layer of cells of a root

80
Q

Root nodule

A

Small swelling on the roots of plants such as peas, beans and clover that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria

81
Q

Selection pressure

A

Factor such as predation or disease that affects a population, resulting in the death of some individuals and survival of others

82
Q

Selective advantage

A

An increased chance of survival for an organism because of possession of favourable characteristics

83
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of two or more species from an original ancestral species

84
Q

Starch

A

Storage carbohydrate in plants

85
Q

Stem cell

A

Unspecialised cell capable of dividing into cells that can develop into different cell types

86
Q

Stimuli

A

Changes in the environment detected by receptor cells that trigger a response in an organism

87
Q

Target organ

A

Organ with receptor molecules in its cell surface that recognise a specific hormone

88
Q

Toxicity

A

Poison level

89
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporation of water through the stomata of leaves

90
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Fine structure and detail of a cell and its organelles revealed by an electron microscope

91
Q

Valve

A

Structure in veins that prevents the backflow of blood

92
Q

Vector

A

Method of transferring genetic material from a donor to a recipient e.g. Viruses/bacterial cells/plasmids

93
Q

Ventricles

A

Lower chambers if the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump into arteries

94
Q

Villi

A

Finger-like projections of the small intestines lining providing a large surface area for absorption of food

95
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilised egg cell

National 5 Biology Glossary (1 decks)

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