Glossary

Question 1

imprinting

Answer 1

tendency for an animal
to follow (parent) or associate with a object
is sees during… a sensitive period… in early in life

Question 2

Innate Behaviour

Answer 2

Any behaviour that is not learnt

Question 3

Trial and error

Answer 3

type of learning where
a animal carries out a certain behaviour and remembering the attempt and result
changes its behaviour in order to
improve the chance of success

Question 4

Nocturnal

Answer 4

active at night

Question 5

Territorial

Answer 5

Animal behaviour involving the defining of a territory (or area)
and its defence against other animals
especially against its own species and gender

Question 6

Salinity

Answer 6

Increased levels of salt (largely sodium chloride) in water or soil

Question 7

Biotic

Answer 7

Relating to the biological parts of the environment

Question 8

Abiotic

Answer 8

Relating to the physical parts of the environment

Question 9

Community

Answer 9

All the living organisms in a habitat;

the living part of the ecosystem

Question 10

Ecosystem

Answer 10

System formed by organisms interacting with one another and their physical environment

Question 11

Biogeochemical Cycle

Answer 11

Circulation of a chemical element,
such as phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen, or molecule water
within an ecosystem

Question 12

Carbon fixation

Answer 12

Process by which photosynthetic organisms
such as plant
turn inorganic carbon (usually carbon dioxide) into organic compounds (carbohydras)

Question 13

Food Chain

Answer 13

Organisms linked together by their feeding relationships

e.g producers are eaten by first order consumes.. which are then eaten by second order consumers.

Question 14

Food Web

Answer 14

A series of interacting food chains link up to form a food web

Question 15

Producer

Answer 15

Organism that manufactures its own food

Question 16

Detritivores

Answer 16

Consumer organism (earthworm)
eats dead organic matter
which accumulates In ecosystem

Question 17

Decomposers

Answer 17

Organism whose ecological function
involves the recycling of nutrients
by feeding on dead and decaying organism

Question 18

Bioaccumulation

Answer 18

Concentration of substances (toxins)
along food chains
in ecosystems

Question 19

Biomagnification

Answer 19

Process where the tissue concentration
of a contaminant
increases
as it passes up the food chain through two or more trophic levels

Question 20

Cellular Respiration

Answer 20

Glucose + Oxygen —> water + carbon dioxide + energy
-complete breakdown of glucose to provide energy

-Second aerobic stage
which occurs in the mitochondria
and produces 36-38 molecules of ATP
per molecule of glucose.

Question 21

Nerve

Answer 21

whitish and elastic bundle of fibres
with accompanying tissues
which transmits nervous impulses
between
nerve centres and various parts of the body

Question 22

Hormone

Answer 22

Chemical produced by cells in one part of an organism
and
transported throughout the organism
to sites where it affects cells capable of responding

Question 23

Osmoregulation

Answer 23

maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in the fluids of an organism
by the control of water and salt concentrations

Question 24

Nitrogenous Wastes

Answer 24

waste products from
the breakdown of proteins
includes ammonia, urea and uric acid

Question 25

Vasoconstriction

Answer 25

constriction of blood vessels | which increases blood pressure

Question 26

Negative Feed back

Answer 26

``` control system where, response produced due to particular stimulus reduces the size of the original disturbance leads to homeostasis ```

Question 27

Homeostasis

Answer 27

maintenance of a relatively stable environment within an organism

Question 28

Blubber

Answer 28

the fat of sea mammals, especially wales and seals

Question 29

Endothermic

Answer 29

in animals having relatively constant body temperature usually higher than the temperature of surrounding environment

Question 30

ADH

Answer 30

Antidiuretic Hormone secreted by pituitary gland increases permeability of the collecting tubule of the mammalian kidney to water increases amount of water reabsorbed, and so causes a smaller volume of more concentrated urine to be formed.

Question 31

Insulin

Answer 31

hormone produced in pancreas | regulates the amount of glucose in blood

Question 32

Adrenalin

Answer 32

secreted by adrenal glands increases rates of blood circulation, breathing, carbohydrate metabolism prepares muscles for exertion . ( also known as epinephrine)

Question 33

nephrons

Answer 33

functional unit of the kidney made of bowman's capsules surrounding a glomerulus and a tubular region heading into a collecting tubule about one million found in each human kidney

Question 34

Loop of Henle

Answer 34

U- shaped loop in a mammalian kidney between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, dipping into the medulla

Question 35

Behavioural adaptations

Answer 35

behaviour organisms use in order to survive

Question 36

Structural adaptations

Answer 36

involves some part of the animals body, such as the size or shape of the teeth in order to ensure its survival

Question 37

myelin Sheath

Answer 37

fatty substance forms an insulating layer around some axons in vertebrates. formed by many layers of plasma membrane of glial cells

Question 38

Stimulus

Answer 38

Environmental factor..internal or external | that organisms can detect and to which they respond

Question 39

Effect

Answer 39

a change, which is a result or consequence of an actin or other cause

Question 40

Neurotransmitter

Answer 40

chemical substance which is released at the end of a nerve fibre by the animal of a nerve impulse and by diffusion along the synapse or junction, effects the transfer of the impulse to another nerve, muscle or another fibre.

Question 41

Phototropism

Answer 41

orientation of a plant or other organism in response to light either towards the source of light ( positive phototropism) or away from light (negative tropism)

Question 42

Geotropism

Answer 42

change in direction of plant growth in response to gravity

Question 43

parasite

Answer 43

specialised consumers, that live and feed inside or on the other organism

Question 44

Predator

Answer 44

Animal that catches live prey for food

Question 45

Prey

Answer 45

animals captured and killed by other organisms

Question 46

Commensalism

Answer 46

A symbiotic relationship between two species, whee one benefits and the other is neither harmed or benefits

Question 47

Symbiotic

Answer 47

interactions between two different organism living in close physical association

Question 48

Mutualism

Answer 48

Partnership between two organism in which both of them benefit

Question 49

Migration

Answer 49

movement of animal ( or group) from one area to another in response to a change in the availability of resources

Question 50

Population

Answer 50

a group of organism of the same species living in a defined geographic range

Question 51

Carrying capacity

Answer 51

numbers of particular organisms that an ecosystem can sustain (s-shaoed population)

Question 52

Endangered

Answer 52

threatened with extinction

Question 53

Exponential population growth

Answer 53

Rapid increase in the size of a population (J-shaped curve)

Question 54

Density dependant factors

Answer 54

Any factor limiting the size of a population whose effect is .. DEPENDANT on the number of individuals in the population EXAMPLE: Intraspecific Competition Limited resources Disease

Question 55

Density independent Factors

Answer 55

things and events that limit the size of a population regardless of the density of a population. EXAMPLE: Temperature, Floods, pollution (abiotic factors)

Question 56

Biological Control

Answer 56

use of a natural agent (another organism) such as predator or parasite to limit and control the growth of a pest species.

Question 57

Tolerance limit

Answer 57

the maximum and minimum values of a given variable that individuals can tolerate or 'stand' while maintaining their normal performance (i.e. all their biological functions).

Question 58

Imitation

Answer 58

to resemble (another species of animal, or a plant, or inanimate object) in form, colour, ornamentation, or instinctive habits, so as to derive an advantage thereby; sa, when a harmless snake imitates a venomous one in colour and manner, or when an odorless insect imitates, in colour, one having secretion offensive to birds.

Question 59

Physiological Adaptations

Answer 59

An organismic or systemic response of an individual to a specific external stimulus in order to maintain homeostasis. EXAMPLE temperature regulations

Question 60

Counter Current Heat Exchange

Answer 60

is a common mechanism in organisms that utilizes parallel pipes of flowing fluid in opposite directions in order to save energy

Question 61

Thyroxin

Answer 61

Thyroxine is the main hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland. It is the inactive form and most of it is converted to an active form called triiodothyronine by organs such as the liver and kidneys. Thyroid hormones play vital roles in regulating the body’s metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development and maintenance of bones.