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Year 11: Biology > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

imprinting

A

tendency for an animal
to follow (parent) or associate with a object
is sees during… a sensitive period… in early in life

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2
Q

Innate Behaviour

A

Any behaviour that is not learnt

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3
Q

Trial and error

A

type of learning where
a animal carries out a certain behaviour and remembering the attempt and result
changes its behaviour in order to
improve the chance of success

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4
Q

Nocturnal

A

active at night

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5
Q

Territorial

A

Animal behaviour involving the defining of a territory (or area)
and its defence against other animals
especially against its own species and gender

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6
Q

Salinity

A

Increased levels of salt (largely sodium chloride) in water or soil

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7
Q

Biotic

A

Relating to the biological parts of the environment

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8
Q

Abiotic

A

Relating to the physical parts of the environment

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9
Q

Community

A

All the living organisms in a habitat;

the living part of the ecosystem

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10
Q

Ecosystem

A

System formed by organisms interacting with one another and their physical environment

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11
Q

Biogeochemical Cycle

A

Circulation of a chemical element,
such as phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen, or molecule water
within an ecosystem

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12
Q

Carbon fixation

A

Process by which photosynthetic organisms
such as plant
turn inorganic carbon (usually carbon dioxide) into organic compounds (carbohydras)

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13
Q

Food Chain

A

Organisms linked together by their feeding relationships

e.g producers are eaten by first order consumes.. which are then eaten by second order consumers.

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14
Q

Food Web

A

A series of interacting food chains link up to form a food web

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15
Q

Producer

A

Organism that manufactures its own food

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16
Q

Detritivores

A

Consumer organism (earthworm)
eats dead organic matter
which accumulates In ecosystem

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17
Q

Decomposers

A

Organism whose ecological function
involves the recycling of nutrients
by feeding on dead and decaying organism

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18
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

Concentration of substances (toxins)
along food chains
in ecosystems

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19
Q

Biomagnification

A

Process where the tissue concentration
of a contaminant
increases
as it passes up the food chain through two or more trophic levels

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20
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen —> water + carbon dioxide + energy
-complete breakdown of glucose to provide energy

-Second aerobic stage
which occurs in the mitochondria
and produces 36-38 molecules of ATP
per molecule of glucose.

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21
Q

Nerve

A 
whitish and elastic bundle of fibres
with accompanying tissues
which transmits nervous impulses
between
nerve centres and various parts of the body
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22
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical produced by cells in one part of an organism
and
transported throughout the organism
to sites where it affects cells capable of responding

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23
Q

Osmoregulation

A

maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in the fluids of an organism
by the control of water and salt concentrations

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24
Q

Nitrogenous Wastes

A

waste products from
the breakdown of proteins
includes ammonia, urea and uric acid

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25
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

constriction of blood vessels

which increases blood pressure

26
Q

Negative Feed back

A 
control system
where, response produced 
due to particular stimulus 
reduces the size of the original disturbance 
leads to homeostasis
27
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintenance of a relatively stable environment within an organism

28
Q

Blubber

A

the fat of sea mammals, especially wales and seals

29
Q

Endothermic

A

in animals
having relatively constant body temperature
usually higher than the temperature of surrounding environment

30
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic Hormone
secreted by pituitary gland
increases permeability of the collecting tubule of the mammalian kidney to water
increases amount of water reabsorbed, and so causes a smaller volume of more concentrated urine to be formed.

31
Q

Insulin

A

hormone produced in pancreas

regulates the amount of glucose in blood

32
Q

Adrenalin

A

secreted by adrenal glands
increases rates of blood circulation, breathing, carbohydrate metabolism
prepares muscles for exertion .
( also known as epinephrine)

33
Q

nephrons

A

functional unit of the kidney
made of bowman’s capsules
surrounding a glomerulus and a tubular region
heading into a collecting tubule
about one million found in each human kidney

34
Q

Loop of Henle

A

U- shaped loop in a mammalian kidney
between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules,
dipping into the medulla

35
Q

Behavioural adaptations

A

behaviour organisms use in order to survive

36
Q

Structural adaptations

A

involves some part of the animals body, such as the size or shape of the teeth in order to ensure its survival

37
Q

myelin Sheath

A

fatty substance
forms an insulating layer around some axons in vertebrates.
formed by many layers of plasma membrane of glial cells

38
Q

Stimulus

A

Environmental factor..internal or external

that organisms can detect and to which they respond

39
Q

Effect

A

a change, which is a result or consequence of an actin or other cause

40
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical substance which is released at the end of a nerve fibre
by the animal of a nerve impulse and by diffusion along the synapse or junction, effects the transfer of the impulse to another nerve, muscle or another fibre.

41
Q

Phototropism

A

orientation of a plant or other organism in response to light
either towards the source of light ( positive phototropism)
or away from light (negative tropism)

42
Q

Geotropism

A

change in direction of plant growth in response to gravity

43
Q

parasite

A

specialised consumers, that live and feed inside or on the other organism

44
Q

Predator

A

Animal that catches live prey for food

45
Q

Prey

A

animals captured and killed by other organisms

46
Q

Commensalism

A

A symbiotic relationship between two species, whee one benefits and the other is neither harmed or benefits

47
Q

Symbiotic

A

interactions between two different organism living in close physical association

48
Q

Mutualism

A

Partnership between two organism in which both of them benefit

49
Q

Migration

A

movement of animal ( or group) from one area to another in response to a change in the availability of resources

50
Q

Population

A

a group of organism of the same species living in a defined geographic range

51
Q

Carrying capacity

A

numbers of particular organisms that an ecosystem can sustain (s-shaoed population)

52
Q

Endangered

A

threatened with extinction

53
Q

Exponential population growth

A

Rapid increase in the size of a population (J-shaped curve)

54
Q

Density dependant factors

A

Any factor limiting the size of a population whose effect is .. DEPENDANT on the number of individuals in the population

EXAMPLE: Intraspecific Competition
Limited resources
Disease

55
Q

Density independent Factors

A

things and events that limit the size of a population regardless of the density of a population.

EXAMPLE: Temperature, Floods, pollution (abiotic factors)

56
Q

Biological Control

A

use of a natural agent (another organism) such as predator or parasite to limit and control the growth of a pest species.

57
Q

Tolerance limit

A

the maximum and minimum values of a given variable that individuals can tolerate or ‘stand’ while maintaining their normal performance (i.e. all their biological functions).

58
Q

Imitation

A

to resemble (another species of animal, or a plant, or inanimate object) in form, colour, ornamentation, or instinctive habits, so as to derive an advantage thereby; sa, when a harmless snake imitates a venomous one in colour and manner, or when an odorless insect imitates, in colour, one having secretion offensive to birds.

59
Q

Physiological Adaptations

A

An organismic or systemic response of an individual to a specific external stimulus in order to maintain homeostasis. EXAMPLE temperature regulations

60
Q

Counter Current Heat Exchange

A

is a common mechanism in organisms that utilizes parallel pipes of flowing fluid in opposite directions in order to save energy

61
Q

Thyroxin

A

Thyroxine is the main hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland. It is the inactive form and most of it is converted to an active form called triiodothyronine by organs such as the liver and kidneys. Thyroid hormones play vital roles in regulating the body’s metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development and maintenance of bones.

Year 11: Biology (8 decks)

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