Glossary Flashcards
1
Q
the process by which individuals become aware of the sociopolitical and psychological conditions that oppress disadvantaged people
A
conscientization
2
Q
a movement guided by the philosophy of Social Darwinism, this movement asserted that certain groups of people were of inferior genetic stock and advocated restrictive immigration policies to keep some people (eg African Americans) out of the United States, as well as institutionalization and sterilization to prevent people with intellectual and mental health challenges from procreating
A
eugenics movement
3
Q
social and emotional support that comes from one’s informal network (e.g. family friends, spiritual advisors, mentors) rather than formal sources (i.e. professionals)
A
informal support
4
Q
the scientific method as we understand it traditionally, including a focus on describing, explaining and predicting reality through objective research and hypothesis testing, which aims to discover natural laws
A
logical positivism/empiricism
5
Q
collaborative research between professionals and disadvantaged community members towards the goals of knowledge creation and social change
A
participatory action research
6
Q
in contrast to the ‘expert’ role of diagnostician or therapist, this is a role taken by the community psychologist to offer resources and collaborate with community groups
A
resource collaborator
7
Q
a theory that emphasizes the role that social stress plays in the causation of psychological problems
A
social stress theory
8
Q
an emphasis on the strengths and capacities of individuals and communities, rather than a focus on deficits
A
strengths orientation
9
Q
holding individuals responsible for problems that they experience without acknowledging the role that various ecological contexts may play in contributing to such problems
A
victim blaming
10
Q
the conscious decision of people who are privileged to share power and work with disadvantaged people towards their goals of liberation
A
commitment and depowerment
11
Q
the interrelationships and connections of people and settings, including the concepts of sense of community, social support, community capacity and social capital
A
community
12
Q
the community psychology approach to research that links understanding and action and strives to create participatory and collaborative relationships with community members
A
community science
13
Q
lack of understanding or concern on the part of members of the dominant culture regarding their role and that of society in the oppression of disadvantaged groups
A
complacency
14
Q
socially constructed stories about disadvantaged people, often of the victim-blaming variety that help members of dominant groups to rationalize their role in contributing to and perpetuating the oppression of disadvantaged people
A
dominant cultural narratives
15
Q
a metaphor used in community pschology to understand the interrelationships of people with various eco-systems (from small systems to large social systems)
A
ecology
16
Q
concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a small number of individuals and corporations at the expense of the majority of citizens and nations of the world and the natural environment
A
global capitalism
17
Q
embracing and integrating people from diverse backgrounds into community
A
inclusion
18
Q
freedom from oppressive life circumstances
A
liberation
19
Q
a state of domination where the oppressed suffer the consequences of deprivation, exclusion, discrimination, exploitation, control of culture and sometimes even violence; while the sources of oppression are external, oppression can also be internalized into negative beliefs about oneself
A
oppression
20
Q
a relational concept that emphasizes choice, control and the ability to influence
A
power and empowerment
21
Q
a concept that emphasizes the promotion of well-being and competence and the prevention of psychosocial problems
A
prevention/promotion
22
Q
the struggle of disadvantaged people to resist and overcome oppression
A
resistance
23
Q
a tool used by community psychologists to shift the analysis of social problems from one of dominant victim- blaming narratives to alternative accounts that consider the sociopolitical context and power inequalities
A
reframing
24
Q
a positive state of affairs that involves a transaction between individuals and supportive relationships and environments that results in meeting the needs of individuals
A
well-being
25
a belief in the importance of groups and communities that shapes attitudes and behaviours of citizens
collectivism
26
a school of thought that strives to restore citizens' responsibilities towards the collective as a means of advancing social well-being
communitarianism
27
the social, cultural, natural or bult envronments that surround our lives and affect our cognitions. emotions and behaviours
context
28
a school of thought that emphasizes the importance of taking into account context and the various parts of social or natural phenomena in trying to explain them or change them
holism
29
a belief in the importance and supremacy of individuals over groups or collectives
individualism
30
a school of thought that upholds the rights of the individual in society and espouses individual solutions to problems in life
liberalism
31
philosophical and ethical reasoning that helps individuals and groups to decide what is the right and just course of action under a particular set of circumstances
moral theory
32
a tendency to locate explanations for behaviour and problems in psychological dynamics such as cognitions and emotions, often at the expense of other contextual factors influencing human beings
psycho-centric
33
the positive effect of multiple forces coming together
synergy
34
a set of principles, based on moral reasoning, which guide our behaviour
values
35
an image of a desired state of affairs worth striving for
vision
36
how people adapt to the demands of different environments
adaptation
37
a way of thinking about settings that is characterized by a standing pattern of behaviour and time and space dimensions
behaviour setting
38
the notion that people influence environments, as well as environments influencing people
circular causality
39
a focus on the resources within an eco-system, how they are distributed and how they can be used
cycling of resources
40
a value that emphasizes interrelationships and interconnections
holism
41
a way of thinking about people and their environments that is borrowed from biology and stands in contrast to the mechanistic metaphor that is dominant in psychology
ecological metaphor
42
the number of new cases of disease in a population or community within a specified time period
incidence
43
the notion that different elements and levels of an eco-system are interconnected
interdependence
44
the mechanisms that link stressful life events with psychosocial problems
mediating factors
45
noxious odours emanating from swamps that were believed to cause disease
miasmas
46
a philosophy in the field of disabilities that emphasises approaches that p community integration, rather than segregation or exclusion
normalisation
47
the idea that the adaptation of the individual is a function of the interaction between the individual and the environment
person-environment fit
48
reduction of incidence
primary prevention
49
resources that moderate, buffer or protect individuals from the adverse consequences of risk factors
protective factors
50
stressful life events, life strains or other conditions that increase the likelihood that an individual will develop a problem in living
risk factors
51
early detection and treatment
secondary prevention
52
prevention that is aimed at individuals considered to be at risk of developing problems
selective (high-risk) prevention
53
the perceived or felt environment, consisting of three broad dimensions: relationships, personal development and systems maintenance and change
social climate
54
a long-term perspective on people and systems
succession
55
prevention that is aimed at everyone in a population
universal prevention
56
a group of people affiliated on the basis of common bonds, such as geographical location, religion, profession, nationality or other
community
57
the capacity and opportunity to influence the course of events in one's personal life or in the life of others in the community
power
58
groups of people who congregate in order to help each other with a particular challenge in
self-help/mutual aid
59
the feeling derived from belonging to a partouar group where the individual experiences bonds of affection, influence, companionship and support
sense of community
60
collective resources consisting of civic participation, networks, norms of reciprocity and organizations that foster trust among citizens and actions to enhance the common good
social capital
61
theory describing how social support may enhance coping and mitigate the negative effects of stress
stress-buffering hypothesis
62
an obligation or willingness to follow through on commitments and values, to be responsible for one's actions and to let others examine one's actions
accountability
63
a mode of dealing with diversity in a way that maximizes differences among groups
alpha bias approach
64
an approach to opposing discrimination based on the realization that power differentials among groups must be addressed in order to reach tolerance and progress for minorities
anti-racism
65
a mode of approaching differences between groups that minimizes differences
beta bias approach
66
an agreement or pledge to take some action consistent with values and principles
commitment
67
having to do with explanation or knowledge associated with a particular phenomenon
epistemic
68
policies and practices that support diversity and give voice and choice to individuals, groups and communities which have been traditionally marginalized
inclusion
69
discriminatory acts or gestures by individuals
individual racism
70
policies, practices and norms embedded in cultural patterns and social structures that perpetuate racial discrimination
institutionalised racism
71
a special category of values that makes sure other values are enacted and respected
meta-values
72
an approach to dealing with diversity that affirms the unique value of different groups
multiculturalism
73
the degree to which research and action take into account power dynamics operating in psychological and political domains and in the interaction between them
psychopolitical validity
74
inclusion and participation of groups with varying degrees of power in decision-making processes affecting their personal and collective lives
representation
75
experience of living at the margins of society often due to discriminatory policies and practices of groups or governments against people who are different from the mainstream transformational related to structural and social change
social exclusion
76
settings that are designed to be alternative to and are often in opposition to, mainstream or traditional settings (e.g. an alternative school)
alternative setting
77
an approach to intervention that focuses on improvement rather than fundamental change of underlying assumptions, values and power structures, also known as first-order change
ameliorative
78
reframing how social issues are conceptualized or understood; transformative interventions involve reframing the way issues are typically understood
framing
79
the integration of theory and practice in social intervention; it includes attention to cultural context, vision, action and needs
praxis
80
the subjectivity and social location of community psychologists in their roles as social interventionists, including the privileges that they enjoy
reflexivity
81
the sub-discipline of psychology that is concerned with understanding people in the context of their communities, the prevention of problems in living, the celebration of human diversity and the pursuit of social justice through social action
community psychology
82
one who engages in transformative social change, as contrasted with social technician and social reformer roles
social interventionist
83
an organisation that is specifically dedicated to transformative social change
social movement organisation
84
an approach to intervention that focuses on fundamental change of underlying assumptions, values and power structures; also known as second-order change
transformative
85
interventions purposeful activities designed to alleviate the results of living in unjust and prejudicial societies
ameliorative
86
a group of groups dedicated to achieving social, economic or health goals for a particular sector of the population
coalition
87
person assigned the role of improving an aspect of the population's health
health promoter
88
refers to comprehensive improvement in the education, health, housing social and economic conditions of a population
human development
89
struggles within social movements or political parties
internecine
90
non-governmental organizations dedicated to fostering a particular cause for the improvement of human and/or emironmental well-being
NGOs
91
person collaborating with others in developing a governmental or non-governmental project
program developer
92
infusion of material, intellectual and human resources into social change efforts
resource mobilisation
93
are intentional processes designed to affect the well-being of the population through changes in values, policies, programs, distribution of resources, power differentials and cultural norms
social interventions
94
social movement organisations dedicated to challenge the status quo and to transform conditions that have an impact on human and/or environmental well-being
SMOs
95
intentional processes designed to alter the conditions that lead to suffering
transformative interventions
96
efforts by organized groups and agencies to enhance the well-being of community members marginalized by social practices of exclusion discrimination and injustice
community interventions
97
a person who works with an organization or community and assists them in achieving their goals
consultant
98
the phase in which people realize that something needs to change
contemplation
99
set of skills required to handle self and others in a respectful and efficient manner consistent with a set of cogent values
emotional competencies
100
the role assumed by community psychologists or others who wish to push for changes from outside an organization or community
external agent of change
101
the role assumed by community psychologists or others who wish to change a practice from within an organisation
internal agent of change
102
systematic methods of enhancing an institution's capacity to promote the personal, relational and collective well-being of their workers and community stakeholders
organisational interventions
103
state of affairs in which people do not realize the need to change a practice or a situation
pre-contemplation
104
the process whereby powerful people and groups relinquish some of their power in order to bring about a more equitable state of affairs among people and groups
depowerment
105
a set of personal and interpersonal skills that enable individuals to prosper and operate efficiently in social and organizational settings
emotional intelligence
106
situations that require immediate attention such as child abuse, neglect or domestic violence
psychosocial emergency
107
the current state of affairs
status quo
108
concerned with the study of values
axiology
109
a paradigm of inquiry that is based on idealism and which purports that reality is relative to the constructions of individuals, interdependent with the researcher, value-bound and which can be comprehended through an understanding of the meanings and experiences of individuals (e.g. feminist post-modernism)
constructivism
110
the nature of knowing or understanding reality
epistemology
111
tools that researchers use to understand reality
methodology
112
the nature of being, existence, or reality
ontology
113
a set of beliefs, a world view, a set of assumptions about the world and one's place in it
paradigm
114
a paradigm of inquiry that emerged from positivism (or empiricism) and that emphasizes an external reality which is somewhat independent of researchers and their values and which can be imperfectly understood through objective research (e.g. feminist empiricism)
post-positivism
115
a paradigm of inquiry that emerged from Manism and critical theory, and which emphasizes an external reality that is historically determined, interdependent with the researcher, value-driven and which can be understood through critical analysis and inquiry using a variety of methods (e.g. feminist standpoint theory)
transformative paradigm
116
a technique used in needs and resources assessment to provide an inventory of the assets or strengths of individuals or a community
asset mapping
117
qualitative research that does not reduce people's words or actions to numerical indices but rather reports the textual data in the form of quotes or observations
Big Q
118
the use of multiple methods to study one or more persons, programs or communities in depth
case study
119
a method of qualitative data analysis associated with grounded theory in which emerging codes or themes are constantly compared across cases in order to refine the codes and themes
constant comparison
120
an approach to evaluation that examines both the costs and the effectiveness or benefits associated with a program or intervention
cost-effectiveness/ cost-benefits evaluation
121
another approach to qualitative research that examines the functions of written and oral discourse
discourse analysis
122
in contrast to the etic approach to cultural research, the emic approach involves the researcher immersing herself or himself in the setting to develop an in-depth understanding of the culture; the emic approach is used in ethnographic studies
emic approach
123
a public health research approach that examines the incidence (number of new cases) and prevalence (number of existing cases) of a health problem in a community or population and the factors that are related to incidence and prevalence
epidemiology
124
an approach to research on people from different cultures in which the researcher is an outsider who tries objectively to study the culture or compare it with other cultures
etic approach
125
an examination of the extent to which a program is amenable to evaluation as determined by the ability to construct a program logic model with clearly articulated program components, clearly specified outcome or change goals and a sound rationale that links the program components with the outcome goals
evaluability assessment
126
the extent to which changes in outcomes can be generalized to other settings
external validity
127
the extent to which the findings of a survey or epidemiological study can be generalized from the sample studied to the entire population; large, random samples are often used to enhance generalisability
generalisability
128
an approach to qualitative research and data analysis that involves inductively constructing a theory linking the main themes that emerge from qualitative data
grounded theory
129
social indicators (e.g. age, income, number of people living in poverty and indicators of service utilization that are likely to reflect problems that a community might be experiencing; these data are typically archival (already collected)
indicator approaches
130
the extent to which changes in outcomes can be attributed to the program or intervention
internal validity
131
an approach to qualitative research that involves examining the stories of individuals and communities
narrative inquiry
132
research that gathers information on the needs and resources of a community that are used for planning an intervention
needs and resources assessment
133
an evaluation that focuses on the extent to which the outcomes expected of the program were achieved
outcome evaluation
134
a participatory action research method that combines photography with focus group discussions
photovoice
135
all of the people in a community
population
136
an evaluation that focuses on the adequacy of implementation of the components of a program
process/implementation evaluation
137
a research design that strives to maximize internal validity by using comparison groups or control strategies that do not involve random assignment (e.g. non- equivalent comparison group design, time-series design)
quasi-experiment
138
the consistency or repeatability of findings obtained from using a research instrument (e.g. test-retest reliability)
reliability
139
a sub-set of the population of a community
sample
140
a point at which no new codes or themes arise from the examination of additional cases (i.e. participants) in qualitative data analysis
saturation
141
research in which a sample of people are surveyed about some issue(s)
survey research
142
a research design that maximizes internal validity by randomly assigning participants to program and control conditions (.e. a randomized controlled trial)
true experiment
143
the overarching criterion of data quality in qualitative data analysis. which encompasses the criteria of credibility (adequate representation of participants' multiple constructions of reality), transferability (the extent to which the findings can be transferred to other contexts), dependability the extent to which findings are consistent or dependable) and confirmability of the data by others
trustworthiness
144
the degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure (e.g. if scores on an instrument are related to scores on a similar measure, then there is evidence of criterion or convergent validity)
validity
145
research with people from different ethnoracial backgrounds that recognizes power imbalances between people from different races and which strives to eradicate racism
anti-racist research
146
the researcher works in partnership with the community in a participatory action research project this role lies somewhere between the roles of initiator and consultant
collaborator
147
the researcher is hired by the community to do the research in a participatory action research project
consultant
148
a criterion of psychopolitical validity that emphasizes the extent to which power at multiple levels of analysis is taken into consideration in framing the research
epistemic validity
149
a variety of types of research which share an emphasis on women's liberation and the eradication of sexism
feminist research
150
the researcher plays the role of organizer and facilitator in a participatory action research project
initiator
151
a grassroots approach to research that emphasizes the participation of disadvantaged people in all phases of the research, which is aimed at the goal of social change
participatory action research (PAR)
152
an approach to the evaluation of programs or interventions that promotes the participation of the disadvantaged group in the evaluation
participatory evaluation
153
a criterion of psychopolitical validity that emphasizes the extent to which the research can be used to create transformative social change
transformative validity
154
a term imported from the Portuguese conscientizacao (from the Brazilian Paulo Freire), according to which a person or group achieve an illuminating awareness of social forces shaping their destiny and of their ability to transform that reality
conscientization
155
the attitude or belief that one has little influence over what happens to one personally or to one's people
fatalism
156
being involuntarily disconnected from the economic and social mainstream of the society in which one lives: generally involves being discriminated against, being poor, having limited personal and collective power and being excluded from social opportunities
marginalisation
157
used here to indicate the (implicit or explicit) suggestion that a phenomenon which has a social origin is regarded as either a natural or innate characteristic of a people
naturalised
158
refers to the doctrine of the prime importance of the market in ordering society and defining value. Associated with policies that reduce state spending on health, education and welfare and constrain trade union and other collective rights and freedom. Linked with the monetarism of the Chicago school of economics practised by the Pinochet (Chile). Thatcher (Britain) and Reagan/ Bush (United States) regimes and promoted by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank
neoliberal/neoliberalism
159
to do with personal, felt experience. Knowable through qualitative, participative and non-reductionist methods of enquiry
phenomenological
160
the combination of theory and practice, each feeding the other Usually implies a critical or radical orientation
praxis
161
an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit
capitalism
162
the basic social and economic structure of a capitalist economy in which wealth, capital and power are concentrated in the hands of a small elite class, leaving those at the bottom of the class society with minimal resources and power
class society
163
the process that orients a large part of life activity around earning money in order to purchase unnecessary goods
consumerism
164
the process by which transnational corporations are able to enhance profits and accumulate wealth, facilitated by government policies international trade agreements
corporate globalisation
165
events, forces and changes that are transnational transcultural and transborder in nature and which result in enhanced global interdependence (for example telecommunications, trade)
globalisation
166
refers to a system of ideas and practices that sustain social relations of domination and oppression
ideology
167
the control of land and raw materials and the subjugation of people in the developing world by colonial powers
imperialism
168
a process of promoting acquiescence to, and compliance with, existing social and power arrangements that is promoted through the media and social institutions
manufacturing consent
169
the processes of industrialisation, urbanisation, public education, literacy and democratisation
modernisation
170
an open process in which all those who have a stake in the outcome have a chance to reflect carefully and develop an opinion, on the basis of adequate information, a move towards consensus on best outcomes with others who may be affected by the decision
participatory democracy
171
the practice of assembling knowledgeable members of a community to discuss needs and establish priorities for development
participatory rural appraisal
172
systems that are set in place by governments to protect people from extreme poverty (i.e. systems of the welfare state that provide employment, financial support, housing, health, social services and education)
'safety net'
173
policies of the World Bank and IMF that require debt-ridden countries seeking loans to slash government spending on education and health, privatise government-owned enterprises, shift economies towards production of exports and open themselves to flows of external capital
structural adjustment
174
attempts to remove cultural differences by having the Indigenous or minority group discard their own culture in favour of the culture of a dominant group
assimilation
175
a process whereby a dominant group assumes control over the land and the economic, political, social and cultural institutions of an Indigenous or pre-existing people
colonisation
176
the values, beliefs and practices of one culture are favoured by the dominant group while other values, beliefs and practices are ignored or suppressed
cultural racism
177
also cultural renaissance revival and revitalisation of the suppressed cultural practices, language and knowledge
cultural renewal
178
mainstream delivery of services to a cultural group in a way which does not perpetuate colonisation or cultural racism, that is, where the safe service is defined by those who receive the service
cultural safety
179
process of undoing or healing the ill effects and changes implemented with colonisation
decolonisation
180
policy and practice aimed at eliminating a race of people
genocide
181
the tangata whenua people of the land or original inhabitants of a country
Indigenous
182
a movement to bring justice and equality to Aboriginal and Torres Strait lslander peoples in Australia
reconciliation
183
sovereignty, autonomy, the unqualified authority or political power of the Indigenous people to define and resource their priorities
self-determination/tino rangatiratanga
184
a situation in which all social and cultural groups have the power to define and resource their priorities
social justice
185
notion of universal truths where differences between peoples as individuals and groups are regarded as peripheral
universal applicability
186
the learning of a new culture and replacement of parts of one's old culture as a result of immigration or other forms of sustained intercultural contact
acculturation
187
the loss of the features and practices of one's home culture and the adoption of the culture of the host (or dominant) culture. Often a feature of immigration policies which attempt to promote only the dominant culture
assimilation
188
the learning of the rules and behaviours of one's culture through informal means, for example, observations
enculturation
189
the 'native' or traditional inhabitants of a land or area
indigenous people
190
the interaction across time of people from two or more different cultural groups. May be associated with differences in power and the subjugation of the less powerful group
intercultural contact
191
the adaptation of newcomers and host culture so that there is a balance between features of the host culture and that of the newcomers - a process of accommodation in which both parties make changes
integration
192
people who make a free choice to live in a new location or in a new culture, on a permanent basis
immigrants
193
a policy of integration in which the less dominant culture is nurtured within the broader dominant culture. A policy opposite to assimilation
multiculturalism
194
people who are forced to leave their home countries or locations for a new one because of factors such as war, natural disasters or political or religious oppression
refugees
195
the formal ways in which people learn the rules and values of their culture - often in schooling
socialisation
196
people who choose to live in a new country or culture for a defined period to achieve a specified outcome, for example, overseas students or employees on international postings
sojourners
197
in this chapter we have used equality, particularly between women and men, as the principle of 'being of equal value' rather than 'being the same as' or 'identical'
equality
198
similarly this principle may require different actions or outcomes according to differing - but equally important - needs. For example women have a right to (and need access to) good quality appropriate medical care at the time they become mothers. Parents (and children) need, and therefore have equal rights to, a range of supports throughout childhood
equal rights
199
various forms of feminism work towards a common goal of improving women's lives. A basic definition is 'advocacy of women's rights on the grounds of equality of the sexes'. According to Hughes (1994), feminism offers 'not only a set of strategies through which to improve women's material lives, but a critique and analysis of the very foundations of a society which uses gender inequality to organize itself'
feminism(s)
200
a much debated term. The classic way of differentiating sex from gender is to use 'sex' to distinguish two biological divisions of organisms - male and female - though this binary opposition is contested. Gender is defined along several dimensions, including how individuals are socialized. It is a variable set of practices. We all 'do' gender within the parameters of our age, culture, social class, sexual orientation, personality and circumstances
gender
201
hatred and/or hostility towards all women
misogyny
202
the 1975 edition of the Shorter Oxtord did not include 'sexism' but did provide a definition for 'sex kitten' as a young woman mischievously exploiting her sex appeal thereby demonstrating that even the Shorter Oxtord is not immune to what it does not name! We define sexism as any beliefs, attitudes, practices and/or institutions in which distinctions between people's intrinsic worth a made on the basis of sex/gender. This discrimination can be systemic as well as individual
sexism
203
the assumption of power or disproportionate control usually by a ruling class or dominant group. Not only is political or economic control exercised by the dominant group, but it succeeds in projecting its own particular way of seeing the world, human and social relationships so that these are accepted as the natural order or common sense by those who are subordinated to the ruling view
hegemony
204
central to feminist analysis of everything -traditionally measured in terms of individual or collective authority, information, resources, decision-making, coercion and privilege, power is increasingly described in terms of discourse, relationship and practice rather than quantity. In other words, power cannot be separated from how it is authorised and exercised
power
205
the movement by the LGBT community and allies to end heterosexism and uphold the human rights of LGBT people
gay rights liberation movement
206
like racism and sexism, this term focuses on multiple levels of prejudice and oppression experienced by LGB people, including cultural heterosexism (institutional or systemic beliefs in the superiority of an exclusively heterosexual orientation) and psychological heterosexism (prejudice and stereotypes, harassment and violence towards LGBT individuals)
heterosexism
207
a term used to describe heterosexual people's fear contempt and hatred of LGB people
homophobia
208
because of its association with psychopathology and the DSM, and because it identifies people solely based on their sexual orientation, this is no longer the preferred term of the American Psychological Association or the LGB community to refer to people with a same-sex sexual orientation
homosexuality
209
the internalisation of heterosexism by LGBT individuals, such that they experience negative self-esteem
internalised oppression
210
lesbian, gay and bisexual refers to people who experience varying degrees of same-gender desire and attraction and who engage in same-gender sexual behaviour, while transgender refers to a range of individuals who do not conform to traditional societal expectations and roles for each gender; LGB refers to sexual orientation, while transgender refers to gender identity
LGBT
211
of gender roles and sexuality, rather than an 'either-or position (man/woman, gay/straight)
two-spirit fluidity
212
a non-factual negative judgement about the attributes and capabilities of an individual with a disabling condition
ableism
213
disabling physical and cognitive conditions that are present at birth. Some refer to these as 'birth defects'
congenital abnormalities
214
popular in the 1800s and the first half of the 1900s, the practice of placing family members with cognitive, psychiatric or sensory (ie. blind or deaf) disabilities in state-run institutions for long-term care
institutionalisation
215
raises participants to co-researcher roles that empower them to actively participate and shape the research process
participatory action research (PAR)
216
the empowerment of people with disabilities by allowing them choice to live in least restricted settings and live their lives independently as possible
self-determination
217
a formal agreement about a person's preferences for mental health care and how to handle psychiatric emergencies
advanced directive
218
support provided to people with serious mental health problems in the community
case management
219
the integration of people with serious mental health problems into normal community settings and relationships
community integration
220
the creation of community-based mental health services, beginning in the 1960s, in many developed nations as an alternative to state and provincial hospitals
community mental health centres
221
a term used to describe people with serious mental health problems that emphasises individual choice in using services, and the respect given to people who have rights and expectations about the services they use
consumers
222
another term used to describe people with serious mental health problems that combines the ideas underlying the two terms
consumer/survivors
223
a social policy emphasizing the reduction or closure of state/provincial mental hospitals
deinstitutionalisation
224
stories about people with serious mental health problems that emphasize how they are different (and deviant) and need to be controlled or treated by mental health professionals
deviancy narratives
225
stories that emphasize the role that people with serious mental health problems can play in recovery and the contributions they can make to their communities
empowerment narratives
226
a model for supporting people with serious mental health problems developed by the National office of the Canadian Mental Health Association. It emphasizes utilizing three domains of community support before using formal mental health services: self-help, family/friends/neighbours and generic community resources
Framework for Support
227
the creation of large state and provincial hospitals in the mid to late 1800s, emphasizing medical treatment for people with serious mental health problems, inspired by the advocacy of Dorothea Dix
medical model
228
at the turn of the 20th century, Clifford Beers started this movement in the United States to improve mental health services
mental hygiene movement
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ushered in by Phillipe Pinel in France in the 1790s, this movement emphasized kind and compassionate care of people experiencing serious mental health problems
moral treatment movement
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experiencing hope, healing, empowerment and connection with others after life disruptions from serious mental health problems
recovery
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mental health services designed to promote a process of recovery for individual consumers
recovery practices
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the right of individuals, regardless of how their behaviour is judged, to pursue their own life goals and make their own choices
self-determination
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persistent psychiatric disabilities that can have a profound effect on a person's behaviour, thinking, emotions and relationships, including diagnoses (e.g. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and severe major depression) and related social experiences (e.g. fear, discrimination and prejudice) resulting from community responses to people with these diagnoses
serious mental health problems
234
societal control over individuals whose behaviour is judged to be deviant
social control
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societal control over individuals whose behaviour is judged to be deviant (e.g. involuntary hospitalisation, policies that restrict opportunities for people based upon diagnosis)
social control
236
negative stereotypes about people with serious mental health problems that are not warranted and are over-generalized
stigma
237
an approach to housing that is based on the principles of choice and community integration, where tenants with serious mental health problems hold their own leases and have the choice of where to live in market housing. This approach has also been applied to education employment and socialization, with all applications emphasizing that individuals have the support that they need to choose, get and keep the resources they want
supported housing
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a term that is used to describe people with serious mental health problems that emphasizes the negative consequences that they have experienced as a result of past mental health treatment, individuals' resilience in living and self-determination in current life choices
survivor
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interventions that are guided by a community development philosophy in which local residents have a significant voice
community-driven interventions
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the process which encourages partial rewards at many levels but denies fulfilment at any one level
compartmentalisation
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limiting the range of free movement available to a particular group, increasingly restricting and narrowing the scope of possibilities that can be entertained and effectively quarantining people from the possibilities of change
containment
242
a synonym for blaming the victim'
doctrine of personal culpability
243
a state of affairs in which everybody's needs in the family are met
family well-being
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a state of complete physical, mental and social well- being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
health
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financial support policies that are targeted at low-income families, as determined by a means test'
means-tested benefits
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interventions that have several different program components (e.g. preschool education for children, home visitation for parents and so on)
multi-focused interventions
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policies policies designed for all families that effectively reduce economic inequalities through tax and transfers
universal family allowance
